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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outline the issues that need to be addressed when planning a fire evacuation procedure for an office building occupied by a number of different companies. Your answer should include examples where appropriate.
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Action that needs to be taken on:
-discovering a fire -hearing the alarm -summoning emergency services *Number of employees/potential visitors *Emergency lighting, *Procedures, once drawn up- summarised on prominently displayed fire notices *Staged evacuation/ arrangements for non-employees *Travel distances and various escape routes *Arrangements to disable/secure lifts *Clarification of staff responsibilities, training fire wardens and accounting for personnel *Liaison within building *Fire drills/regular testing of the alarm system *Clear signage of exit routes, refuges and evacuation equipment *Security –door marshals to prevent re-entry, theft *Liaison with emergency services/response time *Liaison with neighbouring businesses that could be affected by an emergency within the store. *Provision/training of fire wardens/marshals 3 NEPSTAC LFC SLLP |
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The investigation of an accident at a food processor handling corn starch products concluded that the explosion had taken place in two stages, a preliminary explosion followed by a more severe secondary explosion. (a) Identify the principles underlying the control measures that may be needed to prevent or minimise the effects of such an accident.
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*Elimination of sources of ignition
*Limitation of dust cloud generation *Minimising harm by controlling explosion The key principles to prevent or minimise the effects of a dust explosion are elimination of the source of ignition, limitation of dust cloud generation and minimising harm by controlling the explosion. |
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(b) For each of principles identified, suggest control measures which are based upon the principle.
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Eliminate sources of ignition:
*Ensure electrically conducting safety footwear is worn *Use of non-sparking tools *No smoking *Prevention of equipment hot spots *Magnetic extraction of rogue ferrous metals *Electrical bonding and earthing *Carry out an assessment to meet the requirements of DSEAR and correct zoning of areas. Limit dust cloud generation: *Damping down combined with the use of a pressure-monitoring device *Have LEV at point of transfer *Use of an interlock to prevent overfilling of silo *Good housekeeping to prevent dust build up and *Ensuring all ducting is dust tight. Controlling explosion: *Equipment that is able to withstand explosion *Explosion relief venting and explosion panels *Ensure building integrity. |
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Outline the main design features of a workplace designed to reduce the risk of injury associated with internal transport.
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*Provide traffic routes with a smooth and stable surface
*Install a one-way system to minimise the need for reversing *Good standard of lighting for the routes and particularly for the transition areas between the inside *Sit convex mirrors on those corners that cannot be avoided (PIGS) *Provide sufficient width and headroom for the types of vehicle that will use them *Include passing places for vehicles *Provide clearly marked crossing places for pedestrians *Eliminate sharp bends, blind corners and steep gradients *Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians (PIPES) *Designated parking spaces for vehicles to avoid congestion *Introduce speed limits and the provide speed retarders *Provide protection for racking and other vulnerable items *Provide adequate ventilation to clear diesel exhaust gasses from the building and outside of buildings *Separate access and egress with vision panels in the access doors (DIPPS) |
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(a) Identify the particular aspects of a working environment that may increase electrical risks.
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*Where environment exposes equipment to mechanical damage - impact, stress, abrasion, wear, or vibration
*Working outdoors where equipment is exposed to changes in the weather *High/low temperatures *Contaminants -water or corrosive atmosphere *Flammable atmosphere -vapour, gas or dust |
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(b) Outline the means by which protection is afforded by, and the limitations of, the following:
(i) intrinsically safe equipment (ii) flame proof electrical equipment |
The protection afforded by intrinsically safe equipment:
*Restriction of electrical energy within the equipment such that it is insufficient to cause a spark or heating effect. *Faults may raise energy levels above the safe limit. The protection afforded by flame proof equipment: *Heavy duty of substantial build and enclosed so that, although a flammable atmosphere may enter, it is able to withstand the pressure of an internal explosion and prevent the ignition of any flammable atmosphere that surrounds the equipment. *May not be suitable for use in areas with combustible powders or dusts. May require special measures to prevent the ingress of water. |
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(a) Outline the duties of designers under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994.
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*Inform client of their duties under CDM Regs and the requirements of the accompanying ACOP
Ensure the design considers the need to: *Avoid foreseeable risks to construction workers/cleaners, and others affected by the work of such persons; *Combat at source risks to H&S of construction workers/cleaners, and others affected by the work of such persons *Give priority to measures that protect all, not just individuals Ensure that the design includes: *Adequate information about hazards *Co-operate with the planning supervisor and with other designers *Designer’s duty applies at all times. |
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(b) Explain the importance of the designer’s role to health and safety
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*Ability to design out/eliminate hazards from start
*Specify safer materials and construction methods *Design the building to be safer to use and maintain *Providing key information for the health and safety plan and file |
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Outline the factors that should be considered to ensure the safe operation of a bench-mounted circular saw.
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*Correct operation and/or adjustment of the top guard
*Effective guarding of the blade beneath the bench; *Use push stick to feed through the material being sawn *Extend machine table where persons are employed to remove the material whilst the machine was in motion *Correct positioning of the riving knife *Blade - correct selection, maintenance and adjustment *Trained and competent operators *Suitable risk assessment *Provide LEV system *Provide and use PPE - goggles and hearing protection *Sufficient space around the machine + free from obstruction *Emergency stop device and means of isolation *Good standards of lighting, heating and ventilation *Ensure machine stability and that guards were always in position *Introduce procedures - regular maintenance of the machine |
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(a) With reference to the Pressure Systems and Safety Regulations 2000 explain what is meant by a ‘pressure system’.
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Pressure system
Is a system comprising one or more pressure vessels of rigid construction and any associated pipe work and protective devices Pipe work with its protective devices to which a transportable gas container maybe connected Pipeline and its protective devices which is liable to contain a relevant fluid. i.e.. steam, gas at a pressure greater than 0.5 bar above atmospheric pressure when at a temp of 17.5 c or a gas dissolved in solvent at ambient temp which could be released from the solvent without the application of heat |
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(b) Describe common causes of structural failure in pressure systems.
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Excessive Stress
*Ductility – amount of stretch before a material ruptures *Usually result of single stress over load *Materials can balloon due to excessive pressure Abnormal external loading *Struck by something e.g.. vehicle *FLT/Fuel tankers *Explosion Over pressure *Catastrophic results e.g.. vessel rupture *Failure of relief valves can cause *Normally systems tested to 3 times normal operating pressure Overheating *Can occur if alarms/controls fail *Causes rise in pressure Mechanical fatigue & Shock *Pressure causes tensile stress in all directions *If stresses are greater than material can cope with it will lead to ductile or brittle failure *Fatigue stress is usually progressive *Fatigue failure often triggered by surface interruption e.g.. grinding marks, weld defects, notches etc *Pressure focuses at root of defect Thermal fatigue & Shock *Shock is sudden change in temp of water *Causes rapid expansion/contraction of system components *Leads to fatigue and material stress ultimately failure of system e.g.. leaking pipes, fracture of vessels Creep *Under constant load *Deforms over time (plastic) *Temperature is important, materials determine working temperatures that can be used Corrosive Failure *Chemical/electro-chemical attack by atmosphere *Only affects metals *Materials lose strength can thin *Occurs when oxygen levels of carbon dioxide levels are high & when PH levels are low or high |
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(c) Outline the technical and procedural measures to minimize the likelihood of failures in pressure systems.
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Design:
*Take account of current safe practise *Fit for purpose/CE marked *Material constructed from suitable for materials in process *Expected life *Maintenance/testing accesses *Operating pressures and provision of safety devices e.g.. -Safety valve (PRV) -Gauges -Level Controls -Blow down valves -Pressure gauges Operation: *Use within performance envelope *Operators trained and experience to identify errors and prevent faults through error arising *Aware of safe operating limits *Scheme of examination *Equipment marked with operating pressures/temperatures max/min *Quality control *Filtering/treating of water (boilers) Inspection/Maintenance: *Written scheme of examination – statutory -Pressure vessels -Pipe work and valves -Protective devices -Pumps and compressors -Prepared by competent person *NDT/examination |
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The physical and chemical properties of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) dictate a number of precautions which should be taken in the storage of LPG in cylinders.
(a) Select four of these properties and explain how one of the precautions is related to each property. |
*LPG is a flammable gas at standard temp and pressure
*It is denser than air *Escape clouds cool and therefore are not buoyant on thermal diffusion *Liquid releases float on water *Lower explosive limit (LEL) is reached with small concentrations of LPG *It is slightly anaesthetic and suffocating in high concentrations |
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(b) Give, with reasons, additional precautions for the safe storage of LPG in cylinders.
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*Preferably stored in the open air
*Minimize quantity *Eliminate ignition sources (no smoking, intrinsically safe /flame proof electrical equipment) *Only electrical apparatus for use in Zone 2 area should be allowed in storage area or within separation distance *Provision of signage with ‘extremely flammable’ warnings *Dry powder extinguishers at storage location *Control of combustibles *Removal of vegetation around storage area (not sodium chlorate weed killers / other oxidising agents) *Floors should be concreted *Any slope away from stored materials *Empty cylinders stored separately from full with valves shut *Cylinders stored upright *Protective caps kept in place on valves *Segregated from oxygen cylinders (3m) *Storage compound should be protected from vehicle impact *Storage situation greater than 3m from cellars, drains or excavations and protected from the elements *If more than 400kg stored must have 2m high mesh fence, 2 exits, with cylinders at least 1.5m from fence *Any store room must be: non combustible or fire resistant and ventilated with an explosimeter installed. |
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(a) Outline the causes of instability in fork lift trucks (FLT).
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Causes on instability Longitudinally (Front to back instability)
*Overloaded vehicle *Incorrect positioning of load on forks *Load slipping forward (inappropriate tilt of mast *Driving with load elevated *Changing tilt *Driving forwards down slops *Driving backwards up slopes *Sudden braking *Striking overhead obstruction Causes of instability Lateral (side instability) *Insecure load *Drive laterally on slope (angle of slope, elevation of load *Hitting obstruction e.g. curb *Uneven ground *Cornering (fast, sharp) *Poor tyre condition/uneven pressures |
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(b) Describe the different stages of training which FLT operators should undergo if they are to be able to use a variety of fork lift trucks.
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Training should include the following stages:-
• Basic training • Specific job training, relating to the FLT to be used • Familiarisation training at the workplace, under supervision *Basic training covers the skills and knowledge relevant to the type of fork lift truck; the risks arising from FLT operation; maintenance and checks. This is undertaken off site or in a dedicated area. *Specific training should also be undertaken off site or in a dedicated area. This training covers knowledge and operating principles of truck to be used; use of truck in conditions met in the workplace; on-site rules; work to be undertaken and safe systems of work. *Familiarisation training is undertaken on site and covers: the application of skills already learned; familiarisation with the site layout and local emergency procedures |
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c) Give three situations in which refresher training for fork-lift truck drivers would be appropriate.
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*Have not used trucks for some time
*Have been involved in an accident or near miss *Have developed unsafe working practices *Where there has been change in working practices or environment *Subject to company policy have regular refresher training *Operators who are only occasional users would probably require refresher training more frequently than those who operate forklift trucks on a daily basis |
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(a) Outline the dangers against which protection is provided by a fuse in an electric circuit and explain how such protection is achieved.
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*Prevents overload of electrical systems and overheating of electrical wiring
*Limits shock under severe fault conditions *Limits over-current and chives this by the heating effect of electric current, which melts the metal link if the current exceeds the design value, breaks the circuit and this remains broken until the fuse is replaced. |
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(b) With respect to UK mains voltage electricity, describe the methods and devices other than fuses designed to improve electrical safety.
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Descriptions of miniature circuit breakers included:
*They involved close tolerances for design current flow and speed of operation *Provide visual detection following operation; need to be reset after fault detection *Are reliable and are a system protection system. Residual current devices (RCDs) or earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) are designed as: *Shock limiting device, not for system protection *A shock is still received but time current flows through body is limited *Monitors balance of current flow in line and neutral *Operates on earth leakage fault *Live and neutral disconnect from local power supply. Reduced low voltage systems such as 110v/50v/25v with transformer supply centre tap to earth consist of: *earthed systems and class 1 equipment, or double insulated class 2 equipment and require procedural measures to be followed. |
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(c) Describe the precautions which should be taken when maintaining or repairing electrical systems.
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Precautions for maintaining or repairing electrical systems candidates included were:
*Identify apparatus to be worked on *Obtain system drawings and information *Consider whether working can be done dead and if so *Follow a safe system of work for working dead including isolation and lock off *Testing for dead *Testing test equipment If however it is unrealistic to work dead then a safe system for live work includes: *Screen any conductors near to work if it is reasonable for them to be live *Test live conductors through holes for test probes *Use suitable test equipment *Have testing arrangements in place for testing equipment - before and after; consideration of accompaniment *Consideration of insulating PPE and insulated tools *Adequate working space and lighting. |
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As part of its water treatment system, a manufacturer is to install a plant suitable for the reception and storage of sulphuric acid and caustic soda, both of which will be delivered in bulk tankers. Both of these substances are highly corrosive and can react together violently. Outline the safety provisions required for: (i) the design,
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Design:
*Material to be used for vessels and pipework -Suitable to withstand corrosive nature of substances *Layout of facility -Segregation between acid/alkalis e.g.. compartmentalisation *Design and position of inlets -Prevent cross connection *Bunding of tanks -Separate bunds -Capacity 110% of largest container min -Bunded sealed with appropriate material (with stand corrosive) *Safety devices -High level indicators -Isolations -PLC control -Interlocked system *Adequate lighting *Adequate access and egress *Arrangements for spill containment *Labelling of system e.g.. flow direction of pipes *Emergency arrangements e.g.. drench water safety shower |
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As part of its water treatment system, a manufacturer is to install a plant suitable for the reception and storage of sulphuric acid and caustic soda, both of which will be delivered in bulk tankers. Both of these substances are highly corrosive and can react together violently. Outline the safety provisions required for (ii) the operation and
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Operation
SSOW -Operation of equipment -Emergency procedures e.g.. spill response *Training -Tanker drivers -Operators *Provision of PPE e.g.. chemically resistant suits, gloves, full face visor |
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As part of its water treatment system, a manufacturer is to install a plant suitable for the reception and storage of sulphuric acid and caustic soda, both of which will be delivered in bulk tankers. Both of these substances are highly corrosive and can react together violently. Outline the safety provisions required for (iii) themaintenance
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Maintenance
*Arrangements for examination and inspections *PTW system *Isolation procedures *Cleaning prior to work e.g.. purge *Regular cleaning of bunds *Provision of training to maintenance staff both maintenance and emergency |
