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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major ocular diseases affecting cattle causing financial hardship on herd owners?
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SCC
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis |
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What is a common finding in a fundoscopic exam of a calf?
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Patent hyaloid artery
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Who gets entropion? How is it treated?
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Lambs especially!
Tx - clips/sutures, tetracycline or PPG injections |
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Which of the following are true about ocular lesions in large animals that are white?
a) BVD is the most common cause of cataracts b) Hypopion is associated with the leading cause of dairy calf death c) congenital cataracts are static d) cataracts due to BVD are usually not the only lesion apparent |
c) congenital cataracts are static
d) cataracts due to BVD are usually not the only lesion apparent (note - congenital cataracts are the most common; hypopion is in beef calves) |
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T or F:
BVD is the most common cause of ocular insult to cows. |
True
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What is the most common form of orbit neoplasia in cattle? Which sites are most common?
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SCC (medial canthus, 3rd eyelid, lateral limbus)
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Who gets shimmering nystagmus? How about progressive exopthalmos and strabismus?
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Nystagmus (Jersey)
Exopthalmos (Holstein) |
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Which organs are associated with bovine LSA? How can it be diagnosed?
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HULA organs (Heart, Uterus, Lymph nodes, Abomasum)
Dx - BLV AGID |
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What are signs of ocular LSA in cows?
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Exopthalmos
Exposure keratitis (central) Other LSA lesions |
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How is ocular SCC treated?
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Cryosurgery! Maybe debulk first...
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What are the two major conjunctival diseases of cows and what causes each?
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Herpesvirus)
Infectious BOvine Keratoconjunctivitis (Moraxella bovis or bovoculi) |
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Which of the following are not commonly found in IBR cases?
a) blepharospasm b) chemosis c) anterior uveitis d) epiphora e) herd issues |
a) blepharospasm
c) anterior uveitis (this would be MCF) |
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What are 2 differentials for ocular IBR? How can you tell these apart from ocular IBR?
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MCF (causes wicked uveitis)
IBK (corneal involvement) |
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Who gets infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?
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Weanlings to young heifers
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How is IBK transmitted?
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FOMITES (mostly flies)
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What are signs of IBK?
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Ocular pain
Mucopurulent discharge Central corneal opacity/ulcer |
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What are signs of ocular pain in cattle?
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Pretty much the same as anything else....blepharospasm, photophobia, lacrimation
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How do you date eye lesions?
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Measure vessels (1mm/day + 3 days for vessels to appear)
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How is IBK treated?
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Often subconjunctival penicillin, cephalosporins, or tetracyclines
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Choose infectious bovine or ovine keratoconjunctivitis?
- mycoplasma - treated with doxycycline - Moraxella - chlamodophila - fly vector |
IOK - mycoplasma
IOK - treated with doxycycline IBK - Moraxella IOK - chlamodophila IBK - fly vector |
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What is the most common cause of infectious ovine keratoconjunctivits?
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Mycoplasma conjunctivae var. ovis
M. mycoides var. capri |
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What is the second most common cause of infectious ovine keratoconjunctivitis?
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Chlamidophila psittaci
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What is a major cause of uveitis in cattle?
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things like MCF!
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What is a major cause of papal edema in ruminants? How does this occur?
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Hypovitaminosis A
(proliferation of bony foramina constricting the optic canal causing edema) |
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What are the major equine ocular pathologies?
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Equine recurrent uveitis
Ulcerative keratitis Fungal keratitis Trauma |
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What are some things about the equine ocular ulcer?
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Lots of microbes!
Tear film PMNs! Proteinase activity and cytokine release! LARGE globe! Difficult patient! Inflammation makes anterior chamber STICKY! |
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What is Rose Bengal stain good for?
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A painful eye that is fluoroscein negative; Rose Bengal will stain fungi!
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What are some considerations when taking an eye culture from a horse?
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Need sedation and nerve blocks
DO NOT put anything in the eye beforehand! Use a Dacron (not cotton) swab |
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Which of the following are probably not good treatments for acute, superficial equine ulcers?
a) topical antibiotic b) topical steroids c) atropine d) systemic NSAIDs e) benign neglect |
c) atropine
e) benign neglect (these are probably the best. don't use abx unless you're sure its infected!) |
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Which of the following are appropriate treatments for a deep, progressive ulcer?
a) triple antibiotic b) topical steroids c) systemic NSAIDs d) topical antifungals e) aminoglycoside ointment |
a) triple antibiotic
c) systemic NSAIDs d) topical antifungals (maybe) |
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Which of the following are appropriate treatments for a melting ulcer?
a) acetylcysteine b) topical steroids c) systemic NSAIDs d) topical antifungals e) aminoglycoside ointment |
a) acetylcysteine
c) systemic NSAIDs d) topical antifungals (maybe) e) aminoglycoside ointment |
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What are the anti-collagenase choices for melting ulcers?
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Acetylcysteine
Serum EDTA Maybe dilute Betadine |
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Which of the following are true regarding keratectomies in horses?
a) chemical, grid, or punctate b) indicated for stromal abscesses c) requires general anesthesia d) can be done standing e) good for facial nerve paralysis |
a) chemical, grid, or punctate
d) can be done standing (good for non-healing erosions) |
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Which procedure is indicated for facial nerve paralysis? What must you ensure before doing this procedure?
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Tarsorrhaphy
Get any ulcer under control first! |
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How is uveitis treated medically?
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Atropine and Banamine
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Which of the following are not true regarding fungal keratitis?
a) commonly associated with foreign body encounters b) Fusarium is one of the most common organisms c) Do not treat with anti-fungal until cytology diagnoses a fungal infection d) Miconazole is the only approved medication e) aggressive and frequent treatments are key |
b) Fusarium is one of the most common organisms (no, aspergillus)
c) Do not treat with anti-fungal until cytology diagnoses a fungal infection (no, treat immediately if all other signs point to fungal but culture/cytology are negative) d) Miconazole is the only approved medication (no, miconazole is effective but natamycin is the only approved med) |
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T or F:
Prophylactic anti-collagenases are indicated when treating fungal keratitis. |
True!
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Which bacteria are associated with melting ulcers?
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Pseudomonas
Klebsiella |
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What must you brace yourself (and owners) for when treating fungal keratitis?
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It will get worse before it gets better!
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What is a useful ocular pain treatment (topical)?
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1% topical morphine
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Which of the following are true regarding viral keratitis in horses?
a) EHV-1 has been implicated b) stains with Rose Bengal c) steroids are indicated d) stains with Fluoroscein e) EHV-2 is a possible etiology |
b) stains with Rose Bengal
c) steroids are indicated e) EHV-2 is a possible etiology |
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You have a horse come in for eye trauma. What are two things that you should do outside of checking the injured eye?
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Full physical with special attention to the area around the affected eye.
Check the other eye!! |
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What are postulated etiologies for equine recurrent uveitis?
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Immune-mediated (type IV hypersensitivity)
Leptospira interrogans Toxoplasma Brucella |
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Which of the following are not associated with equine recurrent uveitis?
a) synchronized with moon cycles b) may present with unexplained blindness c) pthisis bulbi or glaucoma may be associated d) Palominos e) THUG 4 LIFE |
a) synchronized with moon cycles (no)
d) Palominos (Appaloosas) |
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What is the most common cause for blindness in horses?
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Equine recurrent uveitis
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How is equine recurrent uveitis treated?
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Steroids
Systemic NSAIDS +/- Cyclosporine Some people use Tetracycline |
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Which of the following might be associated with equine recurrent uveitis?
a) Synechiae b) Glaucoma c) Bupthopthalmos d) Anterior lens subluxation e) Pthisis bulbi |
a) Synechiae
b) Glaucoma e) Pthisis bulbi (also pigment changes, cataracts) |
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An Appaloosa presents with a corneal ulcer. What other changes might you find in this horse?
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Signs of uveitis (aqueous flare, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, miosis, etc...)
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