Bryan - General Pathology - Causes Of Disease - Spring 2010

Front 1

What are the three general factors that usually contribute to the pathogenesis of disease?

Back 1

Agent
Host
Environment

Front 2

A diagnosis based upon a characteristic lesion is called a...

Back 2

...pathognomic diagnosis (beware of these)

Front 3

What are three main categories for etiologic agents of tissue injury and disease (with respect to the host)?

Back 3

External insults
External deficiencies
Internal defects

Front 4

What are some GENERAL examples of external insults?

Back 4

Physical (trauma)
Chemical
Biological

Front 5

Disease transmissible from one host to another via direct or airborne means is _______________ disease.

Back 5

Contagious

Front 6

Disease transmissible via direct or indirect routes is _____________ disease.

Back 6

Communicable

Front 7

Disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in or on a host is ______________ disease.

Back 7

Infectious

Front 8

The living organism that permits indirect horizontal transmission of disease is the ___________.

Back 8

Vector

Front 9

Transmission of disease transplacentally, via milk, or colostrum is ______________ transmission.

Back 9

Vertical

Front 10

Transmission of disease via fomites or vectors is ___________ transmission.

Back 10

Horizontal

Front 11

An inanimate transmitter of disease is called a/an ______________.

Back 11

fomite

Front 12

What are factors inherent in the host that influence resistance and susceptibility to disease?

Back 12

genetics
health
immune system

Front 13

What are factors inherent to the agent that influence the host's resistance/susceptibility to disease?

Back 13

numbers of agents
virulence of agent
transmissibility (direct or indirect)

Front 14

What are some environmental factors influencing disease transmission?

Back 14

climate
management factors

Front 15

What are some routes of microbial entry?

Back 15

respiratory
GI
percutaneous
venereal (urogenital)

Front 16

What is an example of an infection that manifests locally but has a systemic response?

Back 16

tetanus

Front 17

What are three ways that biologic agents cause disease (damage to host)?

Back 17

Direct physical damage to host cells
Damage via toxins
Induction of damaging immune response (eg: arthritis)

Front 18

Paraphrase Koch's Postulates (no, not Jim Koch the brewer):

Back 18

Isolate agent from diseased animal
Reproduce disease using isolated agent
Re-isolate agent from experimentally infected animal

Front 19

What are drawbacks to disease isolation via Koch's Postulates?

Back 19

Not practical
Most disease is multifactorial
Many agents have avirulent and virulent strains

Front 20

What are some biological disease agent categories (there were 8 discussed - think by size):

Back 20

Prions
Viruses
Bacteria
Primitive bacteria (eg: chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas)
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Invertebrate parasites

Front 21

What is an infectious enzyme otherwise known as?

Back 21

Prion

Front 22

What are 4 prion-associated diseases?

Back 22

Scrapie
BSE
CJD
Chronic Wasting dz

Front 23

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies can be caused by which class of infectious agent?

Back 23

Viruses

Front 24

What are some mechanisms of viral injury?

Back 24

Alter apoptosis
Hijack cell machinery
Cause cell proliferation or fusion
Oncogenesis
Damage immune system
Cause cell lysis
Immune/Inflammatory response

Front 25

Which type of bacteria have a peptidoglycan-rich cell wall?

Back 25

Gram positives

Front 26

Which type of bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide-rich outer membrane?

Back 26

Gram negatives

Front 27

What are the three main ways that bacteria induce cellular damage?

Back 27

Toxin-induced damage to cell machinery
Toxin-induced damage to cell membranes
Stimulation of inflammation, immune, or coagulation responses

Front 28

T or F:
There must be a lesion present to diagnose disease.

Back 28

False! Many diseases show no lesion.

Front 29

What are some examples of disease without discernible lesions?

Back 29

Tetanus
Botulism
Milk fever (other metabolic dz.)
Myocardial infarct

Front 30

What are some possibilities of NORMAL tissue that is FIRM/SOLID in a lump or bump?

Back 30

Neoplasia
Hamartoma
Hyperplasia

Front 31

What are some possibilities of ABNORMAL tissue that is FIRM/SOLID in a lump or bump?

Back 31

Metastatic neoplasia
Choristoma
Fibrosis
Amyloid
Granulomatous inflammation
Suppurative inflammation
Lymphosarcoma

Front 32

What are some possibilities of NORMAL tissue that is FLUID-FILLED in a lump or bump?

Back 32

Abscess
Hematoma
Cyst
Seroma (accumulation of interstitial fluid)

Front 33

What are some possibilities that would cause a small lymph node?

Back 33

Hypoplasia
Atrophy (due to insult or age-related)
Aplasia

Front 34

T or F:
Enlargement of an organ can be either cellular or acellular in nature.

Back 34

True!

Front 35

What are some NORMAL CELLULAR TISSUE differentials leading to lymph node enlargement

Back 35

Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Hypertrophy (rare)
Hamartoma (rare)
Cell swelling due to necrosis

Front 36

What are some ABNORMAL CELLULAR TISSUE differentials leading to lymph node enlargement

Back 36

Metastatic neoplasia
Inflammation (granulomatous, eosinophilic, suppurative)
Fibrosis
Choristoma

Front 37

What are some NON-CELLULAR differentials leading to lymph node enlargement

Back 37

Edema
Congestion
Amyloid
Fibrin (rare)