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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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colliculi
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on midbrain;
2 pairs of small hills; sensory info rely from sense organs to brain |
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pons
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help control respiration & heart rhythms
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medulla oblongata
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help control respiration & heart rhythms
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soma
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cell body of neuron
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oligodendrocytes
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make up myelin sheath in central nervous system;
multiple sites |
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Schwann cells
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make up myelin sheath in peripheral nervous system;
(one site per cell) |
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ion channels
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open and close for nerve impulses;
selectively permeable (sodium, potassium, calcium) |
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acetylcholine
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first neurotransmitter discovered;
voluntary muscles & heart muscles; attention, memory, sleep; transmitter in brain; formed at axon terminals |
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myasthenia gravis
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cause: antibodies block ACh receptor type;
fatigue & muscle weakness |
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glycine
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neurotransmitter, amino acid;
inhibitory |
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GABA
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gamma-aminobutyric acid;
neurotransmitter, amino acid; |
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benzodiazepines
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e.g. Valium;
increase GABA activity |
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anticonvulsant drugs
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increase GABA activity
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Hunington's disease - reason and result?
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GABA neurons in brain areas for movement die;
uncontrollable movements |
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glutamate
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neurotransmitter, amino acid;
excitatory |
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aspartate
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neurotransmitter, amino acid;
excitatory |
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NMDA receptors & stimulation?
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N-methyl-d-aspartate;
activated by glutamate & aspartate; in learning, memory, nerve contact development; little stim - good too much stim - cell damage/death |
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catecholamines
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neurotransmitter / hormone;
dopamine & norepinephrine; in central & peripheral system |
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dopamine circuits
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movement regulation;
cognition & emotion; endocrine system |
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Parkinson's disease - cause and result?
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low dopamine;
muscle tremors, rigidity, hard time moving |
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levodopa
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synthesizes to dopamine;
treatment for Parkinson's disease |
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schizophrenia - circuit & treatment
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dopamine's emotion & cognition;
treat: block dopamine receptors |
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hypothalamus
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told to make, hold, or release hormones by dopamine
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pituitary gland
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controlled by hypothalamus;
master of endocrine system |
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norepinephrine & diseases lacking?
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in neurons throughout brain
learning and memory role by sympathetic nervous system from adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Korsakoff's syndrome |
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Alzheimer's disease - cause & treat?
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ACh neurons die;
treat - block acetylcholinesterase |
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acetylcholinesterase
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enzyme, breaks down ACh in synapse
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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cognitive disorder
associated w/ chronic alcoholism low levels of norepinephrine |
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serotonin
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neurotransmitter
in brain, blood platelets, digestive tract lining sleep, mood, depression, anxiety |
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analogs
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drugs that mimic functions of other compounds
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fluoxetine
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alter serotonin's action
decrease depression & obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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amino acids
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building blocks of proteins
in body and brain, neurotransmitters |
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peptides
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chains of amino acids linked together
smaller and less complex than proteins |
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enkephalin
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opiate, similar to morphine
"in the head" (Greek) |
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endorphins
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endogenous morphine
act like opium or morphine kill pain, sleepy (feel good) exercise |
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sensory nerves for pain - types
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small myelinated fibers
tiny unmyelinated C fibers similar to opiods and their receptors system |
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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substance P
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peptide
in C fibers burning pain sensation |
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capsaicin
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active part of peppers
cause release of substance P |
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trophic factors
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proteins
for neuron development made in brain, released, bind help treat Alzheimer's & Parkinson's disease |
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hormones
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the neurotransmitters of the endocrine system
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endocrine system
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for sex, emotion, stress response, body regulation, growth, reproduction, energy use, metabolism
(basically, movement and storage of energy) |
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sources of hormones (9)
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pancreas
kidneys heart adrenal glands gonads thyroid parathyroid thymus pituitary gland |
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hormone types
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thyroid & steroid hormones
brain receptors and relevant organs receptor -> DNA -> gene action -> long-lasting changes |
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steroid hormone classes (6)
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androgens
estrogens progestins glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids vitamin D |
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insulin
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metabolic hormone
receptors in brain taken up from blood |
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insulinlike growth factor
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metabolic hormone
receptors in brain taken up from blood |
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ghrelin
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metabolic hormone
receptors in brain taken up from blood |
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leptin
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metabolic hormone
receptors in brain taken up from blood |
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biological clocks
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affected by hormones
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glucocorticoid cortisol
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stress hormone
alter brain function & learning |
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GnRH
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone
peptide made in hypothalamus acts on pituitary (M&F) |
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FSH
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follicle-stimulating hormone
released by pituitary after GnRH M - to testes, release testosterone F - to ovaries, release estrogen & progesterone |
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LH
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luteinizing hormone
released by pituitary after GnRH M - to testes, release testosterone F - to ovaries, release estrogen & progesterone |
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sex hormones
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testosterone (an androgen)
estrogen progesterone |
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sexual differentiation
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by sex hormones early in life
differences exist between genders more likes than dislikes differences between homo- & heterosexual brains |
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gases
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new class of neurotransmitters
nitric oxide carbon monoxide made by enzymes, used as needed released by diffusion, act on chemical targets like enzymes |
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carbon monoxide
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CO
gas neurotransmitter |
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nitric oxide
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control penis erection
intestine - control relaxation, normal digestive movements brain - regulates cyclic GMP |
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cyclic GMP
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intracellular messenger molecule
regulated by nitric oxide |
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stroke
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caused by large glutamate release
neuronal damage by nitric oxide |
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second messengers
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act between membrane and nucleus
help in making and releasing of neurotransmitters in carbohydrate metabolism in cerebrum help in growth & development |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate
energy for cells |
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G protein
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binds on inner membrane after norepinephrine binds to receptor
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adenylyl cyclase
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enzyme, activated by G protein
convert ATP to cAMP |
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cAMP
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate
various functions - ion channels, gene expression |
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cerebrum
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largest part of brain
two hemispheres |
