Brain

Front 1

Diencephalon

Back 1

central brain, includes: hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary gland

Front 2

Brain stem

Back 2

midbrain, pons, and MO

Front 3

What is the blood brain barrier made of

Back 3

Tightly joined endothelial cells, astrocytes, and the basement membrane in the brain capillaries

Front 4

What materials can cross the BBB

Back 4

water, some electrolytes, glucose, and lipid-soluble molecules, such as O2, CO2, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics

Front 5

Where does Neural integration take place?

Back 5

in the gray matter found in the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and limbic system

Front 6

What are the 3 main regions of a cerebral hemisphere

Back 6

superficial 'cortex' of gray matter, 'white matter' nerve tracts deep to the cortex, and 'basal nuclei' gray matter deep within the white matter

Front 7

Where does the lateral ventricles extend into?

Back 7

the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 8

Where is the third ventricle

Back 8

deep within the diencephalon

Front 9

What are the 2 things that the 3rd ventricle connects with

Back 9

the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina & the cerebral aqurduct in the midbrain

Front 10

Describe the 4th ventricle

Back 10

it's in the hind brain; connects with cerebral aqueduct; continuous with the SC central canal

Front 11

What are the choroid plexuses

Back 11

they are small capillary knots & ependymal cells that line the roof of the ventricles

Front 12

What is the function of the choroid plexuses

Back 12

it creates the CSF that circulates through the ventricles and the central canal

Front 13

What happens to the CSF at the arachnoid villi

Back 13

CSF is reabsorbed into the dural venous sinus blood (between skull and brain)

Front 14

What is the function of the motor, sensory, and association areas

Back 14

Motor: controls voluntary motor functions
Sensory:provides awareness of sensation
Association: integrates info from different areas for appropriate action

Front 15

Function of the prefrontal cortex (in which lobe)

Back 15

involved in intellect, complex reasoning, personality, and memories of plans and social role. (Frontal Lobe)

Front 16

Function of the precentral gyrus (in which lobe)

Back 16

contains motor areas (primary motor cortex and association areas) involved in the control of volutnary muscles (Frontal Lobes)

Front 17

Function of the Broca's area (in which lobe)? Where is it located?

Back 17

motor speech area (Frontal Lobes); base of the precentral gyrus, just above the lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere

Front 18

Function of the postcentral gyrus (in which lobe)

Back 18

contains sensory areas that respond to incoming stimuli from cutaneous and muscular receptors (primary somatosensory cortex and association areas) (Parietal Lobes)

Front 19

Function of the Wernicke's area (in which lobe)? where is it located

Back 19

where unfamiliar words are sounded out (Parietal Lobes); junction of parietal & temporal lobes in the left hemisphere

Front 20

Function of the gustatory cortex (in which lobe)

Back 20

receives taste impulses (Parietal Lobes)

Front 21

What is aphasia and the cause of it?

Back 21

a language difficulty resulting from lesions in the wenicke's and/or broca's areas

Front 22

Function of the auditory areas (in which lobe)? Where is it located

Back 22

receives auditory fibers (of CN VIII) from the ear cochlea for hearing (primary auditory cortex and association areas) (Temporal Lobes); superior temporal gyrus

Front 23

Function of the olfactory cortex (in which lobe)? Where is it located

Back 23

(smell) receives and processes sensory information from the olfactory tracts of CN I (Temporal Lobes); medial temporal lobes and inferior frontal lobes

Front 24

What is found in the superior temporal lobe

Back 24

memory of vocabulary, faces, and familiar objects

Front 25

What separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum

Back 25

a meningeal layer called the tentorium cerebelli

Front 26

Function of the visual areas (in which lobe)

Back 26

integrates eye movements and correlate visual images (from CN II) with other sensory stimuli (primary visual cortex and association area) (Occipital Lobes)

Front 27

What and where is the insula

Back 27

a medial structure deep within the lateral sulcus

Front 28

What is the insula thought to do?

Back 28

It's thought to integrate other cerebral activities and be incolved in language, taste, and a sense of balance, as well as integrating sensory info from the visceral receptors

Front 29

What are the three types of nerve tracts of the white matter of the cerebrum

Back 29

Association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers

Front 30

Function of the association fibers and give an example

Back 30

conduct impulses between neurons within a hemisphere. (ex: fibers between Broca's & Wenicke's areas)

Front 31

Function of the commissural fibers and give an example

Back 31

connect the neurons & gyri of one hemisphere with those of the other. (ex: corpus callosum)

Front 32

Function of projection fibers? What does the projection fibers form at the top of the brain stem?

Back 32

form the ascending and descending tracts of the brain & SC; internal capsule and corona radiata

Front 33

Describe the internal capsule and corona radiata formed by the projection fibers

Back 33

internal capsule passes between the thalamus & basal nuclei, then the nerve fibers fan out to form the corona radiata.
corona radiata radiates through the white matter to the cortex

Front 34

What/where are the basal nuclei? Function they are involved in

Back 34

specialized paired masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral white matter; voluntary motor movements

Front 35

What is the basal nuclei composed of?

Back 35

corpus striatum, which includes the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, and the amygdala nucleus

Front 36

Describe the corpus striatum and all of it's components

Back 36

Corpus striatum: several masses of nuclei that appear stripped; includes:
Caudate nucleus: tail-like mass above thalamus
Lentiform nucleus: deep to the caudate nucleus and is divided into the globus pallidus (med. part) and putamen (lat. part)

Front 37

Where is the amygdala nucleus component of the basal nuclei

Back 37

at the inferior tip of the caudate nucleus

Front 38

What is the function of the nuclei of the basal nuclei

Back 38

receive input from the substantia nigra & motor areas of the cerebral cortex & send signals back to both

Front 39

What is the thalamus and how is it positioned

Back 39

its the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is positioned medially, just below the lateral ventricles

Front 40

What is the function of the nuclei in the thalamus

Back 40

serve as relay stations for nearly all sensory impulses to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex

Front 41

What is the function of the medial & lateral geniculate from the nuclei of the thalamus

Back 41

it relays auditory & visual information, respectively

Front 42

What is the thalamus interconnected with? Which involves it in what kind of functions

Back 42

interconnected with the limbic system making it involved in emotional and memory function

Front 43

What other functions is the thalamus involved in? ( 7 )

Back 43

arousal, eye movements, taste, smell, hearing, equiplibrium, and somatosensory input

Front 44

What is the intermediate mass of the thalamus and what does it connect?

Back 44

a cylindrical stalk that connects the 2 lateral halves of the thalamus

Front 45

What are the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus and what is it a major regulator of?

Back 45

mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic.
major regulator of homeostasis

Front 46

Describe the mammillary region of the hypothalamus

Back 46

most post. portion of the hypothalamus; contains mammillary bodies, which relay info from the limbic sys. to the thalamus

Front 47

What are the components of the tuberal region? Describe the components

Back 47

infundibulum: stalk that connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland)
median eminence: secretes hypothalmic regulating hormones

Front 48

Name the nuclei in the supraoptic region

Back 48

paraventricular, supraoptic, anterior hypothalmic, & suprachiasmatic

Front 49

Where do the axons in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus extend?

Back 49

through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary

Front 50

Name the nuclei in the preoptic region

Back 50

preoptic, periventricular, medial preoptic, and lateral preoptic nuclei

Front 51

How is the hypothalamus able to control and integrate the ANS

Back 51

axons extend from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic & parasympathetic nuclei in the brain stem & SC

Front 52

What is the purpose/function of the hypothalamus having control of the ANS

Back 52

regulates contraction of smooth & cardiac muscles, and glandular secretion

Front 53

Function of regulating neurohormones from the hypothalamus to control of the pituitary gland

Back 53

control hormones released by the anterior pituitary

Front 54

What produces oxytocin & antiduretic hormones (ADH) from the hypothalamus to control of the pituitary gland? Where are they transported?

Back 54

produced by the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and are transported via axons through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary

Front 55

What are the emotions and behaviors that the hypothalamus regulates? ( 7 )

Back 55

rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, sexual arousal, copulation, and orgasm

Front 56

What does the neurons of the hunger and the satiety centers monitor

Back 56

monitors glucose and amino acid levels

Front 57

What does the osmorecepter neurons in the hypothalamus monitor? Under a certain condition, it will release a hormone, what is this condition/hormone

Back 57

monitors osmotic pressures and stimulate the thirst center when thirsty; dehydration stimulates the release of ADH

Front 58

What is the 7 functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 58

control of ANS, control of pituitary gland, regulation of emotion & behavior, regulation of hunger, thirst, & satiety, thermoregulation, sleep control, and memory

Front 59

What/where is the nucleus that controls sleep

Back 59

superchiasmatic nucleus above the optic chiasma establishes 24hr. (circadian) sleep patterns

Front 60

What is the mammillary bodies role in the hypothalamus's function of memory?

Back 60

mammillary bodies are part of a signaling pathway from the hippocampus (a memory center) to the thalamus

Front 61

What gland does the epithalamus contain and what is it's function

Back 61

pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, a hormone that influences diurnal cycles

Front 62

Where is the posterioer commissure of the epithalamus and what is it's function

Back 62

inferior to the pineal gland and it connects the left and right superior colliculi of the midbrain

Front 63

What does the midbrain connect and what does it give rise to?

Back 63

connects the forebrain and hindbrain, and gives rise to CN III-IV

Front 64

What are the structures between the diencephalon and pons?

Back 64

cerebral aqueduct, corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra

Front 65

What is the cerebral aqueduct

Back 65

it interconnects the 3rd & 4th ventricles

Front 66

What is the copora quadrigemina and what is it divided into?

Back 66

four rounded elevations on the posterior midbrain. divided into superior and inferior colliculi

Front 67

Describe the superior and inferior colliculi

Back 67

Superior colliculi are the 2 upper eminences, involved in visual reflexes
Inferior colliculi are the 2 lower eminences, responsible for auditory reflexes

Front 68

What are the cerebral peduncles? What does it connect?

Back 68

pair of structures composed of ascending & descending projection fiber tracts that connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain

Front 69

Where is the red nucleus? What does it connect? What is it's function?

Back 69

it's between the cerebral peduncle and aqueduct; it connects the cerebrum and cerebellum and is concered with fine motor control

Front 70

Describe the substantia nigra (location/function)

Back 70

inferior to the red nucleus and is a motor center that relays inhibitory signals (dopamine) to the thalamus & basal nucleus

Front 71

What/where are the pons? What are pons made of? What is their function?

Back 71

rounded bulges between the midbrain and the MO; white fiber tracts that connect it with the thalamus, cerebellum, and MO

Front 72

What does the nuclei of the pons and MO function in?
What cranial nerves have nuclei in the pons?

Back 72

Nuclei of pons and MO function together to regulate breathing.
CN V-VIII

Front 73

What are the pyramids of the MO?

Back 73

2 triangular elevations which contain nerve fibers of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts on the anterior side

Front 74

What is oval enlargement lateral to each pyramid on the MO? Describe it (what it contains and function)

Back 74

the 'olive' which contains a nucleus that receives input from the brain & SC and relays the info to the cerebellum

Front 75

Describe the ascending and descending nerve tracts in the MO

Back 75

tracts decussate allowing one side of the brain to receive info from and send info to the opposite sides of the body

Front 76

What cranial nerves arises from the MO

Back 76

CN IX-XII

Front 77

Function of the important nuclei, nucleus gracilis & cuneatus, in the MO

Back 77

relay sensory info to the thalamus, then to the cerebral cortex via thalamic nuclei

Front 78

What are the three nuclei that function as autonomic motor centers of the MO for controlling visceral functions

Back 78

cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

Front 79

Function of the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory center in the MO

Back 79

Cardiac: adjusts force & rate of heartbeat
Vaso: sends impulses via SC & SN to arteriole walls causing them to constrict & elevate BP
Res: controls rate & depth of breathing

Front 80

What are the 6 kind of functions that other MO nuclei are involved in

Back 80

sneezing, coughing, salivation, swallowing, sweating, and vomitting

Front 81

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Back 81

a transverse fissure and associated tentorium cerebelli dura mater

Front 82

What extends between the 2 hemisphere of the cerebellum

Back 82

the falx cerebelli dura mater

Front 83

What is the folia, cerebellar cortex, and arbor vitae

Back 83

Folia: convoluted folds of cerebellum
Cere: thin outer layer of gray matter
Arbor: thick deeper layer of white matter that forms branches in the cerebellum

Front 84

What are the cerebellar peduncles and their functions

Back 84

3 paired nerve tracts that allow the cerebellum to communicate with the rest of the brain

Front 85

Function of the superior cerebellar peduncles

Back 85

convey info to the thalamus, then to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Front 86

Function of the middle cerebellar peduncles

Back 86

convey impulses of voluntary movement from the cerebrum through the pons to the cerebellum

Front 87

What are the main functions of the cerebellum

Back 87

coordinate skeletal muscle contractions, control balance & equilibrium, and maintain posture

Front 88

Function of the inferior cerebellar peduncles

Back 88

connects the cerebellum with the MO and SC

Front 89

Describe the reticular formation

Back 89

network of nuclei & ascending and descending nerve fibers within the brain stem that function as the reticular activating system (RAS) in arousing the cerebrum

Front 90

List the functions of the reticular formation

Back 90

somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, and sleep & consciousness

Front 91

Function of the somatic motor control

Back 91

helps cerebellum maintain muscle tone & produce coordinated contractions of skeletal muscles

Front 92

What does the cardiovascular control include

Back 92

includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers of the MO

Front 93

Describe pain modulation

Back 93

origin of descending analgesic pathways of the reticulospinal tracts

Front 94

Describe the 'sleep & consciousness' structure

Back 94

has projection tracts to the thalamus & cerebral cortex

Front 95

Function of 'sleep & consciousness'

Back 95

acts as a gatekeeper that decides what sensory info comes to our conscious attention

Front 96

What is the limbic system? What is included?

Back 96

a loop of cortical structures surrounding the corpus callosum & thalamus
includes: amygdala, hippcampus, fornix, and cingulate gyrus

Front 97

Describe the amygdala

Back 97

part of emotional brain with a role in emotional memories and feelings of pleasure, love, anger, fear, and pain

Front 98

Function of hippocampus

Back 98

acts in memory consolidation, organizing sensory & cognitive experiences into unified long term memories, stored in the temporal and frontal lobes

Front 99

What are the complex activities of higher brain functions

Back 99

sleep, memories, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language

Front 100

What are brain waves and how can they be recorded

Back 100

rhythmic changes in voltage that can be recorded on an EEG

Front 101

Where/when do alpha waves occur

Back 101

in the parieto-occipital area when a person is awake & resting with eyes closed

Front 102

Where/when do beta waves occur

Back 102

in the frontal to parietal regions during mental activity & sensory stimulation

Front 103

Describe theta waves

Back 103

in normal children and sleeping adults; in awake adults = brain abnormalities

Front 104

Describe delta waves

Back 104

in infants when awake and adults during deep sleep; in awake adults = brain damage

Front 105

what are the mental processes (cognition) of higher brain functions

Back 105

awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge, and memory

Front 106

What are brain lesions/local brain injuries caused by

Back 106

infection, trauma, cancer, and stroke

Front 107

What can lesions of the parietal lobe cause

Back 107

people to become unaware of body parts on one side of the body

Front 108

What can lesions of the temporal lobe cause

Back 108

agnosia, the inability to recognize, identify, and name familiar objects

Front 109

What can lesions of the frontal lobe cause

Back 109

alteration of a person's personality

Front 110

What are the association areas of the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes of cognition responsible for

Back 110

parietal: perceives sensory stimuli
frontal: plans & initiates the response to stimuli
temporal: identifies the stimuli (via memories)

Front 111

What is cerebral palsy

Back 111

muscular incoordination due to damage to motor areas of the brain during fetal development

Front 112

What is cerebral palsy caused by

Back 112

measles exposure, drugs, radiation, oxygen deficiency, and hydrocephalus

Front 113

What are the symptoms of epilepsy? What does it lead to?

Back 113

massive discharge of neurons (seizures), leads to convulsions, sensory & psychic disturbances, and impaired consciousness

Front 114

What is subdural/subarachnoid space hemorrhage? What does it lead to

Back 114

bleeding into these spaces due to head trauma, leads to coma or death

Front 115

What is a stroke (CVA)

Back 115

occurs when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and the brain tissue dies

Front 116

What is alzheimer and what causes it?

Back 116

mental dementia caused by development of beta amyloid plaques (degenerated nerve fibers) and neurofibrillary tangles within neuron cell bodies