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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Seed Plant (facts)
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- first appeared about 425 MYA
- dominant past 200 million years - success due to evolution of seed |
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Seed Survival Value
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- protect and provides food for embryo
- allows the "clock to be stopped" to survive harsh periods before germinating - later developments of fruit enhanced dispersal |
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Seeds Consist of _____,_______,_______
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- embryo
- stored food gymnosperms: megagametophyte angiosperms: endosperm - seed coat integuments |
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Alternation of Generation of Seed Plants |
-heterosporous
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Dominant Generation of Seed Plants
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- sporophyte
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Reproduction of Seed Plants
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- water not needed for fertilization
- pollen tube from microgametophyte to megagametophyte |
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Two Groups of Seed Plants
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- gymnosperms
- angiosperms |
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Gymnosperm
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- naked seed
- seeds produced on the surface of sporophyll or sporophyll like structures |
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Angiosperm
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- vessel seed
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Phylum Cycadophyta
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- phylum?
- gymnosperm - cycads - dioecious - tropics and subtropics - palm tree like appearance - zamia pumila only native to U.S. |
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Phylum Ginkophyta
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- phylum?
- gymnosperm - ginkgo biloba (species) - maidenhair tree - deciduous - known only from fossil records - cultivated - resistant to air pollution - herbal medicine |
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Ginkgo Biloba Reproduction
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- dioecious
- females trees have seeds with a fleshy coat - male trees have a small cone (strobilus) - outer seed coat has butyric and isobutyric acids which causes rancid smell |
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Phylum Gnetophyta
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- phylum?
- dioecious - shrubby with brown scale-like leaves - used in the drug ephedrine, which was banned by the FDA; advertised weight loss, caused hypertension, heart attacks, and strokes |
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Phylum Gnetophyta
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- phylum?
- gentum occurs in Tropical South America, Africa, and Asia - 30 species - dioecious - mostly vines |
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Welwitschia
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- phylum gnetophyta
- occurs in Namib desert in SW Africa - one species - dioecious - large cup shaped stem, tap root below - two large leaves that continually grow and split - can live over 100 years |
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Phylum Coniferophyta
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- phlyum?
- cone bearing - deciduous and evergreen |
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Sequoia Sempervirens
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- phylum coniferophyta
- redwood - tallest living plants |
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Sequoia Giganteum
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- phylum coniferophyta
- coastal redwood - largest living plant |
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Pinus Longaeva
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- phylum coniferophyta
- bristlecone - oldest living plant |
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Taxodium Distichum
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- phylum coniferophyta - conifers in our area- bald cypress (pneumatophores) |
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Juniperus Virginiana
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- phylum coniferophyta - conifers in our area- red cedar |
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Pinus Taeda
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- phylum coniferophyta - conifers in our area- loblolly pine |
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Pinus
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- phylum coniferophyta
- all native to N America - monoecious - evergreen |
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Pinus Leaves Types
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- scale leaves
- needle leaves |
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Scale Pinus Leaves
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- small, non photosynthetic
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Needle Pinus Leaves
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- green, photosynthetic
- occur in fascicles (clusters) of 2-8 needles - retain from 2-14 years |
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Pine Pollen Production
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- male cones: usually at tips of lower branches, non-woody, short lived.
- microspore mother cell = 4 mircospores - develop into 4 celled pollen grains (microgametophyte) with a pair of air sacs |
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Pine Egg Production
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- female cones: usually upper branches
- ovule at base of each ovuliferous scale - megasprocyte meiosis to form 4 megaspores (3 die) |
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Ovule Consists of ?
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- integument
- megasporangium (nucellus) - megasporocyte (2n) - micropyle |
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Pine Life Cyle
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- megaspore develops into female gemetophyte over a one year period
- female gemetophyte may be 1000's of cells, one is an egg with an archegonium |
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When does pollination occur in pines?
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- early spring (February)
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Pollination droplet pull pollen grain where?
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- into the pollen chamber
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Pollen Tube
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- it germinates and grows through the nucellus and reaches the female gemetophyte
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Formation of Zygote
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- the sperm is released and fertilized the egg
- occurs 15 months after pollination |
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Embryo
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- developed from the zygote
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Seed Coat
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- developed from the integument
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What serves as food for the developing embryo and young seedling?
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- when the megagametophyte proliferates
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When are seeds shed?
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- 19 months after pollination; September
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When does germination occur?
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- 25 months after pollination; March
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Phylum Magnoliophyta
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- phylum?
- angiosperms/flowering plants - double fertilization - seeds enclosed within a fruit - 160 MY old group |
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Where is fruit derived from?
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- the ovary
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Archaefructus
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- oldest known angiosperm in the fossil records
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Amborella
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- closest living relative of original angiosperm
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3 Main Categories of Angiosperm
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- monocots
- eudicots - magnolids |
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Monocots (monocotyledonous plants)
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- have one cotyledon (seed leaf)
- 120 MY old |
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Eudicots (dicotyledonous plants)
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- have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
- 127 MY old |
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Magnoliids
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- have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
- 135 MY old - ethereal oil glands; contain ether nutmeg, peper, etc |
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Complete Parts of the Flower
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- sepals (under petals)
- petals - stamens (multiple) - carpel (in the center) |
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Incomplete Flower
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- lacks one or more of the four parts
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Perfect Flower
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- has both stamens and a carpel
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Imperfect Flower
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- has stamen or a carpel, not both
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Inflorescence
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- a cluster of flowers
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Composite
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- appears to be a single flower but consists of a group of tiny flowers
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Anther contains how many pollen sacs?
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- four
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Pollen grain consists of ?
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- 3 cells
- tube cell - 2 sperm cells |
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Pollination
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- tube nucleus and tube grow down through the style
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Double Fertilization
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- sperm + egg = 2N zygote = embryo
- sperm + polar nuclei = 3N endosperm nucleus |
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Capsella Seed Structure
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- epicotyl
- endosperm - hypocotyl - radicle |
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Bean Seed
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- plumule = epictoyl plus first foliage leaves
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Seed Dormancy
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- period of time between embryo maturity and seed germination ( dehyrated 5-15% waters)
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Seed Vialbility
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- period of time a seed can retain its ability to germinate ( few weeks to over 1200 years)
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Fruits
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- mature from ovary
- normally contain seed or seeds |
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Fruit Parts
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- pedicel (stem)
- seed - endocarp (surrounds seed) - mesocarp (part you eat) - exocarp (skin) - pericarp = endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp |
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Drupe
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- simple fleshy fruit
- single seed enclosed in a hard endocarp (pit) - examples: peaches, cherries, plums, olives, almonds |
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Berry
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- simple fleshy fruit
- entire pericarp fleshy and more than 1 seed - examples: tomatoes, blueberries, grapes, peppers, cranberries, eggplants |
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Pepo
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- simple fleshy fruit
- has a hard thick exocarp (rind) - examples: watermelons, pumpkins, squashes, cucumbers |
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Hesperidium
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- simple fleshy fruit
- has a leathery exocarp that contains oil (citric acid) - examples: lemons, oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, limes |
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Pome
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- simple fleshy fruit
- from an inferior ovary so bulk of fleshy portion comes from enlarged receptacle - examples: apples, pears |
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Simple Dry Fruits
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- mesocarp is dry throughout
- 2 types: split at maturity and don't split |
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Follicle
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- split at maturity
- milkweed, larkspur, magnolia |
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Legume
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- split at maturity
- beans, peas, peanuts, kudzu, redbuds |
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Capsule
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- split at maturity
- hibiscus, iris, orhcids, lilies, poppies |
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Achene
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- do not split at maturity
- seed attached only at base of pericarp - pericarp is thin - examples: sunflower, strawberry, buttercups |
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Nut
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- do not split at maturity
- larger and with a harder and thicker pericarp than achenes - examples: acorn, hazelnut not nuts: peanuts, hickory nuts, walnuts |
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Samara
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- do not split at maturity
- pericarp extends out to form a wing which aids in dispersal - examples: maples, elms, ashels, tree-of-heaven |
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Grain/Caryopsis
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- do not split at maturity
- seed coat tightly fused to pericarp - examples: corn, rice, oats, wheat, barley |
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Compound Fruits
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- two types: aggregate and multiple
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Aggregate
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- derived from a single flower with several pistils
- examples: blackberries, raspberries, strawberries (accessory) |
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Mulitple
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- derived from several individual flowers in an inflorescence
- each flower has its own receptacle - examples: mulberries, pineapples, figs |
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Functions of Fruit
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- protection of seed
- dispersal of seeds: edible, wind, animal, water |
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Steps of Seed Germination
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- imbibition
- growth of embryo - radicle emerges first |
