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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the three domains of life?
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archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
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what are three characteristics of archaea?
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1. single celled prokaryotes
2. contain circular chromosomes 3. heterotrophic (organic C sources) |
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what are three characteristics of bacteria?
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1. single celled prokaryotes
2. use inorganic C sources 3. autotrophic (convert food ->energy) |
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what types of bacteria ancestrially is phototrophic?
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purple sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria
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which phototrophic bacteria has anoxygenic photosynthesis?
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purple sulfur bacteria
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which phototrophic bacteria undergoes oxygenic photosynthesis?
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cyanobacteria
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what is the equation for anoxygenic photosynthesis?
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CO2 + 2H2S ---> (CH2O) + water and sulfur
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what is the equation for oxygenic photosynthesis?
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CO2 + 2H2O ---> (CH2O) + water and oxygen
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what are two characteristic of eukarya?
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1. organelles and nucleus
2. multi-celled organisms |
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which six elements make up 99% of organic material? (hint: alcohol)
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CHNOPS
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what are the four types of organic molecules?
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carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
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what is the purpose of carbohydrates?
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fuel storage and structure
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what is an example of a monosaccaride?
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glucose
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what is an example of a disaccaride?
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sucrose
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what is an example of a polysaccaride?
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starch, cellulose
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starch is made with what formation of glucose monomers?
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alpha; H is always up
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cellulose is made with what formation of glucose monomers?
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beta; H alternates up and down
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what is amylose?
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a linear chain of repeated alpha glucose monomers
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what is a protein?
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a chain of amino acids
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what is the basic structure of an amino acid?
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R
H2N - C - C - OH H O (double bond) |
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which type of organic molecule are enzymes?
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proteins
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what does the primary structure of a protein look like?)
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chain of amino acids
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what does the secondary structure of a protein look like?
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alpha helix or beta sheet (folded by H-bonds
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what does the tertiary structure of a protein look like?
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globular,(folded by R groups)
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what does the quaternary structure of a protein look like?
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more than one polypeptide chain
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what are nucleic acids?
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chains of nucleotides
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what three molecules are made of nucleic acids?
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DNA, RNA, and ATP
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what make up ATP?
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a nucleotide and 2 phophates
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what are lipids?
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hydrophobic molecules
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what are triglycerides use for?
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energy storage
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what molecules are considered lipids (specific types)?
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triglycerides, phopholipids, waxes, cutin, suberin, steriods,
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if a lipid is liquid, it is ----.
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unsaturated
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if a lipid is solid, it is ---
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saturated
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phospholipids have a --- head and a --- tail.
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polar/ non polar
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if a molecule is hydrophillic, which functional group does it have?
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OH
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which two molecules are hydrophobic molecules made of?
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CH
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What are secondary metabolites?
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cells that are needed for cell processes that may not necessarily be life/death.
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When considering secondary metabolites, what are alkaloids?
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herbaviore detterants used in self defense, also capable of attacking human brain cells. ie) caffeine, morphine
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When considering secondary metabolites, what are terpinoids?
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herbavoire detterents that can medically be used to shrink tumors. ie) taxol and other essential oils
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When considering secondary metabolites, what are phenolics?
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water soluable pigments that provide UV protection and attract pollinators. ie) aspirin, salicylic acid
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what contains protoplasts?
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protoplasm
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what contains cytoplasm and nucleus?
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protoplast
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what contains the organelles and cytosol?
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cytoplasm
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how many layers bind the nucleus?
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two
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the nuclear membrane has regulatory ---.
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pores
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where are ribosomes and RNA made?
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nucleus
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what makes up chromosomes?
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chromatin
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the nuclear membrane is continuous with which organelle?
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endoplasmic reticulum
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what do ribosomes make?
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proteins
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rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ---.
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ribosomes
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains ---.
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lipids
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what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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sends vesicles to golgi body to be shipped around the cell.
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what does the golgi apparatus do?
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makes structural polysaccharides. (excluding cellulose)
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what system is the plasma membrane a part of?
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endomembrane
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what is the function of a vacuole?
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storage device for poisons, pigments, wastes, and water
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what is the vacuole membrane called?
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totoplast
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can plastids change according to cell needs?
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yes
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what are plastids?
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site of vital chemical reactions.
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how many membrane layers do chloroplasts have?
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two
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what are contained in the outer layer of chloroplast membrane?
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stroma
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which plastid type contains thylakoids?
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chloroplasts
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what is a protoplastid?
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it's the 'stem cell' version of a plastid
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what do chromoplasts do?
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contain pigments
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what do amyloplasts do?
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they are involved in the synthesis of starch
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what do etioplasts do?
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form in dark places and eventually become chloroplasts
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what do mitochondria do?
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produce energy
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how many membranes do mitochondria have?
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two
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what are all of the foldings on mitochondria called?
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christae
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what does it mean if an organelle is semi-autonomous?
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it is in charge of itself in some respects
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which two organelles are semi-autonomous?
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chloroplasts and mitochondria
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what is endosymbiosis?
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the theory that some organelles were pre-living bacteria that were enveloped by larger cells and then stored there
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what is the evidence that endosymbiosis exists?
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size similar to prokaryotes, contain plasmids, contain ribosomes, cell division, differing membranes
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what are peroxisomes?
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biproduct of cellular activity, used in cellular respiratoin.
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what do glyoxysomes do?
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break down stored lipids
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what are the three things that distinguish plant cells from animal?
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chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls
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what does the cytoskeleton do?
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controls the movement of organelles around the vacuole
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what are the three parts of the cytoskeleton?
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microtubules, actin filament, and tubulin dimer
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what is cytoplasmic streaming?
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movement of organelles around the vacuole
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what make up cell membranes?
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phospholipid bilayers
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cell membranes are mosaics of --- and ---.
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phospholipids and proteins
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what is middle lamina?
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a membrane or space that separates two cells walls
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what does cellulose synthase do and where is it made?
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makes cellulose for the cell wall; golgi body
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In the cell wall, what does lignen do?
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provides structural support
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In the cell wall, what do cutin and suberin do?
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they are lipids that exclude water
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what is the primary cell wall made of?
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pectin
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what is the secondary cell wall made of?
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3 layers of cellulose in opposing directions for strength
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what do plasmodesmata do?
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connect one protoplast to the next
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when considering cellular transport, what is bulk flow?
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movement of everything at once
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when considering cellular transport, what is symplast?
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a form of bulk transport; united protoplasts with plasmodesmata
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when considering cellular transport, what is apoplast?
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a form of bulk flow; continuum of cell walls
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What is endocytosis?
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vesicle mediated transport into the cell
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what are the three types of endocytosis?
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phagocytosis (solids), pinocytosis (liquids), receptor mediated (molecule specific)
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What is exocytosis?
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vesicle mediated transport out of the cell
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what is diffusion?
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movement from higher to lower concentration
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what is osmosis?
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diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane
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which way does water flow with a turgid cell?
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in
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which way does water flow with a flaccid cell?
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out
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which way does water flow with a plasmolyzed cell?
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out
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what is imbibition?
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the movement of water molecules into a solid. ie) cotton towel
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active transport uses which molecule?
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ATP
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What are two types of facilitated diffusion?
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Carrier and channel mediated diffusion
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what are aquaporins?
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channel proteins that control the movement of water in channel mediated diffusion
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what is primary active transport?
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used proton pumps to go against the electr0-chemical gradient which builds energy
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what is secondary active transport?
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moves sucrose with energy from primary active transport
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what is metabolism?
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totality of chemical reactions in an organism made of metabolic pathways
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what are catabolic paths?
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something that breaks down molecules and gives energy
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what are anabolic paths?
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something that form molecules and take energy
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nutrients are --- where energy is one way
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cycled
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what is the first law of thermodynamics?
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energy change but can't be created or destroyed
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what is the second law of thermodynamics?
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energy transfers increase entropy of the universe
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living things are islands of high/low entropy.
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low
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order requires a constant -- of energy.
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input
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oxidation is --- of electrons
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loss
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reduction is --- of electrons
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gain
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what is the formula for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6H2O ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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what is an exergonic reaction?
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a reaction where reactions go from unstable to more stable (spont). gives energy
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what is an endergonic reaction?
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more stable reactants take in energy to become less stable
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what is a catalyst?
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an enzyme that lowers activation energy; acts upon a substrate which fits into the enzyme's active site
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what is a co-factor?
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a non protein catalyst; if organic molecules it's called a coenzyme.
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what are the three steps in cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
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ADP is phosphorylated to form ---?
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ATP
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What is formed from glucose in glycolysis?
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2 pyruvate molecules
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where does glycolysis occur?
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cytosol
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where does pyruvate go after gylcolysis?
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mitochondria
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What happens in the gateway reaction before the citric cycle?
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Acetyl CoA forms from pyruvate molecules
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What happens in the citric acid cycle?
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Acetyl CoA joins with oxilacitate to form citrate and then again becomes Acetyle CoA and ELECTRONS ARE HARVESTED
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What type of reactions make up the electron transport chain?
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redox
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what type of phosphorylation is used in electron transport chain?
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oxidative
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Which part of respiration gives off many electrons?
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electron transport chain
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which molecule and eukayrote are used in fermentation?
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NAD; yeast
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In photosynthesis, where do energy transduction reactions occur?
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thylakoids
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what happens in photosynthesis's carbon fixation?
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use of ATP and NADPH to make sugars with the use of CO2
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Where is chlorophyll found?
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thylakoid membrane
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what is action spectrum?
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collective information of all photosynthesis at a given time
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How does photosynthesis work in thylakoids?
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light excited electrons, passing them to other molecules such as NADP which gains an electron is reduced to NADPH thus driving phosphorylation
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