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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
IF 'BODY WATER VOLUME' increases what happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'BLOOD PRESSURE' respectively?
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"BLOOD VOLUME = INCREASES
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IF 'BODY WATER VOLUME' decreases what happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'BLOOD PRESSURE' respectively?
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"BLOOD VOLUME = DECREASES
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What is this referred to as?"
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"50-60%
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What are the 2 types of 'FLUID COMPARTMENTS'?
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"1. INTRACELLULAR (ICF)
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What is 'INTRACELLULAR FLUID' defined as?
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'FLUID' CONTAINED IN THE CELLS
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What is 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' characterized as?
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"ALL FLUID NOT CONTAINED IN CELLS.
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What fluid is considered to be 'TRANSCELLULAR FLUID'?
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CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
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Of the 50-60% 'TOTAL BODY WATER', what percentage represents 'INTRACELLULAR FLUID' (ICF)?
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35-40%
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Of the 50-60% 'TOTAL BODY WATER', what percentage represents 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' (ECF)?
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ICF = 10-20% of 'TOTAL BODY WATER' Weight (TBW)
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'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is separated into 2 sub-groups. What are the sub-groups?
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"1. INTERSTITIAL
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What 'PERCENTAGE' of 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is 'INTERSTITIAL FLUID'?
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"The majority of (ECF) is Interstitial Fluid
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What 'PERCENTAGE' of 'EXTRACELLULAR FLUID' is 'PLASMA' FLUID?
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"The minority of (ECF) is Plasma Fluid
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What is the 'TOTAL BODY WATER' (TBW) for infants and young children?
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80% TBW
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'TOTAL BODY WATER' (TBW) DECREASES WITH AGE."
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"TRUE
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Why?"
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"WOMEN
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What percentage of 'BLOOD' is composed of 'WATER'?
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BLOOD = 55% WATER (H2O)
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What is 'DEHYDRATION' or 'HYPOVOLEMIA' characterized as?
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LACK OF WATER (H2O)
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What is 'WATER INTOXICATION' or 'HYPERVOLEMIA' characterized as?
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EXCESSIVE WATER (H2O) INTAKE
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What is the 'AVERAGE' water intake per day?
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2500ml or 2.5L
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What is 'EDEMA' characterized as?
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LARGE AMOUNTS OF FLUID IN THE 'INTERSTITIAL' SPACE
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(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)"
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"ADH = ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
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What is the function of a 'DIURETIC'?
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"'INCREASES' URINARY OUTPUT.
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What is 'DIABETES INSIPIDOUS' characterized as?
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"LACK OF ADH (ANTI DIURETIC-HORMONE)
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(*THERE ARE 6 CAUSES)"
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"1. DECREASED WATER INTAKE
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What are some of the 'symptoms' of 'HYPOVOLEMIA' / 'DEHYDRATION'?
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"1. LOSS OF WEIGHT
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(*THERE ARE 3 CAUSES)"
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"1. EXCESSIVE IV ADMINISTRATION
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(*THERE ARE 7 OF SYMPTOMS)"
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"1. DECREASED BODY TEMPERATURE
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(*THERE ARE 3 RESPONSES)"
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"1. INHIBITION OF THIRST VIA HYPOTHALAMUS
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(*THERE ARE 4 RESPONSES)"
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"1. LESS SALIVARY SECRETION
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What are the 'EFFECTS' after 1% (0.7L) of 'TOTAL BODY WATER' has been lost?
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1. THIRST
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(*THERE ARE 3 OF EFFECTS)"
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"1. LETHARGY
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(*THERE ARE 2 EFFECTS)"
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"1. INCOORDINATION
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These 2 'HORMONES' are 'MADE' in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS'.
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"1. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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What 2 'HORMONES' are released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY'?
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"1. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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HOW DOES THIS WORK?"
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"WATER PILLS = DIURETIC
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'CAFFEINE' CAUSES INCREASED URINARY OUTPUT BECAUSE IT ACTS AS A WHAT?
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DIURETIC
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'INCREASED' osmolarity stimulates the release of what?
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ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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'DECREASED' osmolarity inhibits the release of what?
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ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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(*2 THINGS)"
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"1. DISTAL TUBULES
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What is considered to be the 'UNIVERSAL' solvent?
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WATER (H2O)
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What is a 'SOLUTE' defined as?
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"DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE
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What is a 'SOLVENT' defined as?
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"SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE SOLUTE IS DISSOLVED
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What does 'mg%' mean?
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mg (SOLUTE) / 100 ml (SOLUTION)
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How do you make a liter of '500 mg% GLUCOSE'?
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"500mg / 100ml x 1000ml/ 1L
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What is 'MOLARITY' (M) defined as?
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MOLES SOLUTE / LITER
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A 'MOLE' consists of how many 'MOLECULES'?
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"'AVOGADRO'S NUMBER'
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What is an 'ACID' defined as?
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"'DISSOCIATES' in water to form 'HYDROGEN IONS' (H+) AND 'ANIONS'
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What defined a 'STRONG ACID'?
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"AN ACID THAT CAN 'COMPLETELY' DISSOCIATE.
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What defines a 'WEAK ACID'?
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"HOLD ON TO 'MOST' OF THEIR HYDROGEN IONS.
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What are some examples?"
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"BASES = DISSOCIATE TO FORM OH- and CATIONS WHEN ADDED TO WATER
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What is an example of this?"
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"WHEN ACIDS REACT WITH BASES
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What is released when equal amounts of 'ACIDS' and 'BASES' are mixed when 'salts' are formed?
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"HEAT
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*Constant"
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Kw= 10^-7 Molarity (M)
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What happens to the pH?"
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"HYDROGEN ION CONC. 'INCREASES'
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What happens to the pH?"
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"HYDROGEN ION CONC. 'DECREASES'
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What is scale of the pH system?
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"1 through 14
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On the 'pH SCALE', when there is an increase by '1 UNIT', how much is the 'HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION' decreasing?
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DECREASES BY FACTOR OF 10
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What is the definition of a 'BUFFER'?
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"SOLUTIONS OF 'TWO' OR 'MORE' CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS THAT PREVENT MARKED CHANGES IN [H+] (pH).
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What is the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER'?
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"H2CO3 and NaHCO3
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Why does adding a 'STRONG ACID' to the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER' prevent a large pH change?
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"H+ is transferred from a 'STRONG ACID' to a 'WEAK ACID'
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The 'pH' of 'BLOOD' and 'BODY FLUIDS' are regulated by what three mechanisms / organs?
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"1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (LUNGS)
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How does the 'RESPIRATORY SYSTEM' regulate 'pH'?
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CONTROLS LEVELS OF 'CARBON DIOXIDE' CO2 IN THE FLUIDS/BLOOD.
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How do the 'KIDNEYS' regulate 'pH'?
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CONTROL [HCO3-] IN BODY FLUIDS VIA ACID EXCRETION.
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'RED BLOOD CELLS' are work as a good 'BUFFER' system. Why?
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'RED BLOOD CELLS' contain 'HEMOGLOBIN' which has 'HIGH' histodine content.
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HOW MANY 'O2' MOLECULES CAN ONE 'HEMOGLOBIN' MOLECULE CARRY?
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4 O2 MOLECULES
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Why?"
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"PROCEED TO THE 'RIGHT'
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How is the 'BICARBONATE BUFFER' equation written?
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CO2 + H2O = H2C03 = HC03- + H+
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When is it used?"
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"pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-] / [CO2]
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What do the 'KIDNEYS' do if the 'BLOOD' pH is too high? (BASIC)
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KIDNEYS EXCRETE 'BICARBONATE' INTO THE URINE.
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What do the 'KIDNEYS' do if the 'BLOOD' pH is too low? (ACIDIC)
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"KIDNEYS RETAIN 'BICARBONATE' AND PUT IT BACK INTO THE BLOOD.
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What is the 'normal' range for pH in 'BLOOD'?
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"7.35 - 7.45pH
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What are the 4 'ACID-BASE' disorders in the human body?
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"1. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
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What is 'METABOLIC ACIDOSIS' defined as?
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"LOW pH (INCREASED H+ IONS)
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(*THERE ARE 4 'SYMPTOMS')"
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"1. SEVERE DIARRHEA (LOSS OF BICARBONATE)
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(*THERE ARE 3 'SYMPTOMS')"
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"LOW pH (INCREASED H+ IONS)
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(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
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"1. DISORIENTATION
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What is 'METABOLIC ALKALOSIS' defined as?
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"HIGH pH (DECREASED H+ IONS)
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What is 'RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS' defined as?
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"HIGH pH (DECREASED H+ IONS)
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'RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS' may be caused by the following 3 things. What are they?
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"1. FEVER
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'METABOLIC ALKALOSIS' may be caused by the following 2 things. What are they?
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"1. VOMITING (LOSS OF STOMACH ACID)
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(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)"
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"1. OVEREXCITABILITY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
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4. 99.5%"
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3. 50-60%
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4. YELLOW JAUNDICE, LOSS OF HAIR, AND AN INCREASE IN THE HEMATOCRIT"
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1. DECREASED TEMP., INCREASED B.P., EDEMA
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4. THE HEART"
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3. THE KIDNEYS
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4. 116 gm of NaCl in 100 ml"
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3. 58 gm of NaCl in one liter
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4. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS"
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1. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
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4. 7.35 to 7.45"
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4. 7.35 to 7.45
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Most of the body water is in the 'intracellular space'"
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TRUE
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A person that has lost 15-20% of their body water may die."
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TRUE
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Most of the 'extracellular fluid' is plasma"
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FALSE
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The 'kidneys' regulate body pH by regulating CO2."
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FALSE
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