Bmt Unit 4 Vocab

Front 1

aorta

Back 1

largest artery in the body

Front 2

apex of the heart

Back 2

lower tip of the heart

Front 3

arteriole

Back 3

small artery

Front 4

artery

Back 4

largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away form the heart to all parts of the body. (Notice the way artery and away begin with an 'a')

Front 5

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Back 5

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. his is pronounced "hiss"

Front 6

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Back 6

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles

Front 7

atrium (pl atria)

Back 7

one of two upper chambers of the heart

Front 8

capillary

Back 8

smallest blood vessel. materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary wall.

Front 9

carbon dioxide

Back 9

gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.

Front 10

coronary arteries

Back 10

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

Front 11

deoxygenated blood

Back 11

blood that is oxygen poor

Front 12

diastole

Back 12

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

Front 13

electrocardiogram

Back 13

record of the electricity flowing through the heart. the electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T

Front 14

endocardium

Back 14

inner lining of the heart

Front 15

endothelium

Back 15

innermost lining of blood vessels

Front 16

mitral valve

Back 16

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

Front 17

murmur

Back 17

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

Front 18

myocardium

Back 18

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Front 19

normal sinus rhythm

Back 19

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Front 20

oxygen

Back 20

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

Front 21

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

Back 21

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning

Front 22

pericardium

Back 22

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Front 23

pulmonary artery

Back 23

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

Front 24

pulmonary circulation

Back 24

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Front 25

pulmonary valve

Back 25

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Front 26

pulmonary vein

Back 26

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Front 27

pulse

Back 27

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

Front 28

septum

Back 28

partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)

Front 29

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Back 29

pacemaker of the heart

Front 30

sphygmomanometer

Back 30

instrument to measure blood pressure

Front 31

systemic circulation

Back 31

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

Front 32

systole

Back 32

contraction phase of the heartbeat (greek: systole = contraction)

Front 33

tricuspid valve

Back 33

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps

Front 34

valve

Back 34

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

Front 35

vein

Back 35

thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. veins contain valves to precent backflow of blood

Front 36

vena cava (venae cavae)

Back 36

largest vein in the body. the superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart

Front 37

ventricle

Back 37

one of two lower chambers of the heart

Front 38

venule

Back 38

small vein

Front 39

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

Back 39

unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

Front 40

angina

Back 40

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. stable angina occurs predictable with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion

Front 41

angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Back 41

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. it prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.

Front 42

auscultation

Back 42

listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope

Front 43

beta-blocker

Back 43

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. it blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart

Front 44

biventricular pacemaker

Back 44

device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

Front 45

bruit

Back 45

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

Front 46

calcium channel blocker

Back 46

drug used to treat angina and hypertension. it dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

Front 47

cardiac arrest

Back 47

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death

Front 48

cardiac tamponade

Back 48

pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

Front 49

claudication

Back 49

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

Front 50

digoxin

Back 50

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

Front 51

embolus

Back 51

clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

Front 52

infarction

Back 52

area of dead tissue

Front 53

nitrates

Back 53

drugs used in the treatment of angina. they dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue

Front 54

nitroglycerin

Back 54

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

Front 55

occlusion

Back 55

closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

Front 56

palpitations

Back 56

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCS).

Front 57

patent

Back 57

open

Front 58

pericardial friction rub

Back 58

scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis

Front 59

petechiae

Back 59

small, pinpoint hemorrhages

Front 60

statins

Back 60

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

Front 61

thrill

Back 61

vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)

Front 62

vegetations

Back 62

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves

Front 63

adenoids

Back 63

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils

Front 64

alveolus

Back 64

air sac in the lung

Front 65

apex of the lung

Back 65

tip or uppermost portion of the lung. an apex is the tip of a structure. apical means pertaining to or located at the apex. the apex of the heart is at the bottom of the heart

Front 66

base of the lung

Back 66

lower portion of the lung; from the Greek basis = foundation. basilar means located at or in the base

Front 67

bronchioles

Back 67

smallest branches of the bronchi. terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts

Front 68

bronchus

Back 68

branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube

Front 69

carbon dioxide

Back 69

gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs

Front 70

cilia

Back 70

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. they clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia.

Front 71

diaphragm

Back 71

muscle separating the chest and abdomen. it contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out.

Front 72

epiglottis

Back 72

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

Front 73

expiration

Back 73

breathing out

Front 74

glottis

Back 74

slit-like opening to the larynx

Front 75

hilum of the lung

Back 75

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum.

Front 76

inspiration

Back 76

breathing in

Front 77

larynx

Back 77

voice box, containing the vocal cords

Front 78

lobe

Back 78

division of a lung

Front 79

mediastinum

Back 79

region between the lungs in the chest cavity. it contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes

Front 80

nares

Back 80

opening through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities

Front 81

oxygen

Back 81

gas that makes up 21% of the air. it passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells

Front 82

palatine tonsil

Back 82

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth)

Front 83

paranasal sinus

Back 83

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

Front 84

parietal pleura

Back 84

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

Front 85

pharynx

Back 85

throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynxs, and laryngopharynx.

Front 86

pleura

Back 86

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

Front 87

pleural cavity

Back 87

space between the folds of ht epleura

Front 88

pulmonary parenchyma

Back 88

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli

Front 89

respiration

Back 89

process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing

Front 90

trachea

Back 90

windpipe

Front 91

visceral pleura

Back 91

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

Front 92

anthracosis

Back 92

coal dust accumulates in the lungs

Front 93

asbestosis

Back 93

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

Front 94

bacilli

Back 94

rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)

Front 95

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 95

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs. COPD is caused by smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and in a minority of cases, asthma. patients with predominant chronic bronchitis COPD are referred to as "blue bloaters" (cyanotic, stocky build), whereas those with predominant emphysema are called "pink puffers" (short of breath, but with near-normal blood oxygen levels, and no change in skin color)

Front 96

cor pulmonale

Back 96

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease.

Front 97

exudates

Back 97

fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation

Front 98

hydrothorax

Back 98

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 99

infiltrate

Back 99

collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image

Front 100

palliative

Back 100

relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease

Front 101

paroxysmal

Back 101

pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure, oxysm/o means sudden

Front 102

pulmonary infarction

Back 102

area of necrosis (death of the lung tissue)

Front 103

purulent

Back 103

containing pus

Front 104

silicosis

Back 104

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs i mining occupations

Front 105

albumin

Back 105

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

Front 106

antibody (Ab)

Back 106

specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. an antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.

Front 107

antigen

Back 107

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

Front 108

basophil

Back 108

white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin

Front 109

bilirubin

Back 109

orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

Front 110

coagulation

Back 110

blood clotting

Front 111

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Back 111

protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)

Front 112

differentiation

Back 112

change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

Front 113

electrophoresis

Back 113

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

Front 114

eosinophil

Back 114

white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions

Front 115

erythroblast

Back 115

immature red blood cells

Front 116

erythrocyte

Back 116

red blood cell. there are about 5 million per microliter (mu L) or cubic millimeter (mm cubed) of blood

Front 117

erythropoietin

Back 117

hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation

Front 118

fibrin

Back 118

protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

Front 119

fibrinogen

Back 119

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

Front 120

globulin

Back 120

plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

Front 121

granulocyte

Back 121

white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

Front 122

hematopoietic stem cell

Back 122

cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

Front 123

hemoglobin

Back 123

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

Front 124

hemolysis

Back 124

destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)

Front 125

heparin

Back 125

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

Front 126

immune reaction

Back 126

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

Front 127

immunoglobulin

Back 127

protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection

Front 128

leukocyte

Back 128

white blood cell

Front 129

lymphocyte

Back 129

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

Front 130

mactophage

Back 130

monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells.

Front 131

megakaryocyte

Back 131

large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

Front 132

monocyte

Back 132

leukocyte with one large nucleus. it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissue

Front 133

mononuclear

Back 133

pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes

Front 134

myeloblast

Back 134

immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

Front 135

neutrophil

Back 135

granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. it is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. also called a polymorphonulear leukocyte

Front 136

plasma

Back 136

liquid portion of blood; contain water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins

Front 137

plasmapheresis

Back 137

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma

Front 138

platelet

Back 138

small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

Front 139

plymorphonuclear

Back 139

pertaining to a white blood cell with a multi-lobed; neutrophil

Front 140

prothrombin

Back 140

plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

Front 141

reticulocyte

Back 141

immature erythrocyte. a network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.

Front 142

Rh factor

Back 142

antigen on red blood cells of Th-positive (Rh +) individuals. the factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.

Front 143

serum

Back 143

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. clear yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. it is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors

Front 144

stem cell

Back 144

unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. a hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells.

Front 145

thrombin

Back 145

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

Front 146

thrombocyte

Back 146

platelet