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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define medical biotechnology

the use of living cells and cell material to produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products that help in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human disease.

What are the 5 main groups of biotechnology applications?

- Red


- White


- Grey


- Green


- Blue



What is red biotechnology?

All the biotech uses connected to medicine.


- vaccines


- antibiotics


- developing new drugs


- regenerative therapies


- genetic manipulation

What is white biotechnology?

biotech related to industrial processes

What is grey biotechnology?

biotech related to the environment,

What is green biotechnology?

focused on agriculture.


- creating new plant varieties


- biofertilizsers


- biopesticides


- plant varieties resistant to pests



What is blue biotechnology?

biotech related to the sea.

What is a biosensor?

Biosensors are analytical devices which convert a biological response into an electrical signal.

What features must a successful biosensor possess?

- the bio-recognition component must be highly specific for the purpose


- the reaction should be independent of such physical parameters eg. pH, temp


- the response should be accurate and precise, reproducible and linear


- if the biosensor is to be used for invasive monitoring in clinical situations the probe must be tiny and biocompatible (non-toxic and non-antigenic)


- the complete biosensor must be cheap, small and portable and be capable of being used by semi-skilled operators


- there should be a market for the biosensor

What is a luciferase?

An enzyme that catalyses a light-emitting reaction - bioluminescence

Where are luciferase found?

- bacteria


- algae


- funghi


- jellyfish


- insects


- shrimp



Give an example of bioluminescence?

The lux gene in bacteria, have been isolated and used in the construction of bioreporters that emit blue/green light with maximum intensity at 490 nm.

Define glycosylation?

The process whereby oligosaccharides are added to the protein during synthesis and processing through the ER and Golgis apparatus.

What is a glycoform?

Any of several forms of glycoprotein with different saccharides attached, altering their structure.

What are the 2 types of carbohydrate linkages?

N- and O- terminal glycosidic link

Describe N-glycans?

- Most prevalent and widely studied


-

What is a chimeric antibody?

A chimeric antibody (cAb) is an antibody made by fusing the antigen binding region (variable domains of the heavy and light chains, VH and VL) from one species like a mouse, with the constant domain (effector region) from another species such as a rabbit.

What is the CDR?

The hypervariable 'ends' of an antibody responsible for binding to a specific antigen.

What are the 2 types of bsAb?

IgG-like


Non-IgG like

Describe the BiTE, and its application?

Bispecific T cell engaging antibody are of particular use in therapeutic applications. They are made of 2 different Fabs, where one binds to the target epitope and the other to the cytotoxic T cell. BiTEs do not have an Fc region.

Describe IgG-like mAb?

These are a type of bsAbs, they are trifunctional; 2 different Fab regions and one Fc region.

Describe infliximab?

Chimeric antibody


TNF-alpha


Autoimmune disease Ra, Chron's



How is a humanized antibody made?

CDRs of the parental antibody, usually murine, are grafted into a human framework. So the hypervariable region is murine, but the Fc and majority of the Fv is human.

Describe Omalizumab?

Humanised mAb that binds IgE used in therapy of severe allergic asthma.

How are bsAb constructed?

Using V regions from more than one antibody, retaining the specificities of both so, the Ab can bind two different types of antigen simultaneously.

Describe Catumaxomab?

BiTE in the case of pancreatic cancer. that binds tumour cell antigens EpCAM and to the T cell antigens (CD3 receptor) this activates the T cell and causes it to release cytotoxic granules, that perforate and kill the tumour cell in the vicinity.

What are intrabodies?

Antibody fragments that are expressed within a designated intracellular target protein.

What do intrabodies do?

Interrupt of modify the biological function of an intracellular target protein.

How are intrabodies contructed?

Cloning the V regions of antibodies into viral vectors (retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus) that are used to infect cells allowing expression of antibody fragments intracellularly.

List 5 functions of intrabodies?

- sequestration of the target protein from its normal subcellular compartment of action


- mediating enzyme function through blocking or modulating the active site.


- disrupting signal transduction pathways


- selective degradation by ubiquitination


- inducing apoptosis

What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that infects a bacteria, by injecting its DNA (genetic information) into it.

Describe Panitumumab?

First fully humanised antibody made in transgenic mice (XenoMouse strains), used against the epidermal growth factor receptor halting the cascade to treat relapsed CRC.

What 3 processes are triggered by innate immunity?

- Phagocytosis - by C3b opsonising antigens.


- Inflammation - attracting macrophages and neutrophils


- Membrane attack - rupturing cell wall of bacteria.

What are the 3 pathways of complement activation?

- Classical (antibodies)


- Alternative (foreign/microbial surfaces)


- Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) (bacterial sugars/lectins)

What do all 3 of the complement pathways produce?

C3-convertase