Blood Vessels

Front 1

order of vessels which blood goes through

Back 1

heart

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

Front 2

3 layers of artery and vein walls

Back 2

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica externa

Front 3

the tunica intima in ARTERIES is made of

Back 3

fibers and endothelium

Front 4

tunica intima in veins is made of

Back 4

endothelium

Front 5

tunica media is made of

Back 5

smooth muscle

Front 6

tunica externa is made of

Back 6

connective tissue

Front 7

which has a thicker tunica media?

Back 7

arteries

Front 8

the endothelium in arteries looks very

Back 8

wrinkled

Front 9

what are in veins that prevent backflow

Back 9

valves

Front 10

smooth muscle in veins and arteries allows for

Back 10

vasoconstriction and vasodialation

Front 11

3 types of arteries

Back 11

elastic

muscular

arterioles

Front 12

elastic arteries

Back 12

have the largest diameter and oodles of elastic fibers in tunica media

expand during systole and constrict during diastole

*aorta, carotid,

Front 13

muscular arteries

Back 13

(the typical arteries)

tunica media has more smooth muscle

*brachial, radial, femoral

Front 14

which type of artery is most numerous?

Back 14

muscular arteries

Front 15

arterioles

Back 15

important role in blood pressure

Front 16

which type of vessel is overall most abundant with the smallest diameter?

Back 16

capillaries

Front 17

precapillary sphincter

Back 17

ring of smooth muscle at the entrance of capillary

Front 18

the site of substance exchange is at the

Back 18

capillaries

Front 19

3 types of capillaries

Back 19

continuous

fenestrated

sinusoids

Front 20

continuous capillaries

Back 20

least leaky

most abundant capillary

*brain, skeletal muscle, lungs

Front 21

most abundant capillary

Back 21

continuous

Front 22

fenestrated capillaries

Back 22

lots of poked holes to be more permeable

*places that filter like kidneys and small intestine

Front 23

sinusoids

Back 23

large gaps between cells to allow RBC, proteins, and macrophages

*liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Front 24

capillary beds

Back 24

interconnected network of capillaries

Front 25

arteriovenous anastomoses

Back 25

direct connections of artery and vein, allows bypass of capillary beds

Front 26

vasomotion

Back 26

pulse like flow through capillaries due to contraction of sphincters

Front 27

veins travel

Back 27

back to the heart

Front 28

blood pressure is larger in

Back 28

arteries

Front 29

3 types of veins

Back 29

venules

medium sized veins

large veins

Front 30

venous valves

Back 30

prevent backflow

Front 31

which system contains the most blood?

Back 31

systemic

Front 32

even though the pressure is lower, the veins contain

Back 32

more blood than arteries

Front 33

venous reserve

Back 33

amount of blood that can be shifted to arteries (20%)

Front 34

anastomosis

Back 34

alternative direct connection between veins and arteries

Front 35

arterial anastomosis

Back 35

alternative pathways to supply blood to a region

Front 36

venous anastomosis

Back 36

alternative pathways to drain blood from a region

Front 37

blood flows from

Back 37

high to low pressure

Front 38

three types of cardiovascular pressures

Back 38

blood pressure

capillary hydrostatic pressure

venous pressure

Front 39

blood pressure

Back 39

systemic arterial pressure

**typical clinical way to measure BP

Front 40

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Back 40

blood pressure in systemic capillaries

Front 41

venous pressure

Back 41

pressure in systemic veins

Front 42

which type of blood pressures is the highest? Lowest?

Back 42

Highest is arterial BP

Lowest is venous BP

Front 43

Total peripheral resistance

Back 43

factors that CV system needs to overcome in order to pump blood

Front 44

Total peripheral resistance factors

Back 44

vessel length

vessel diameter

Blood viscosity

Front 45

the longer the vessel, what happens to TPR?

Back 45

TPR increases because it needs more pressure to send it a longer way

Front 46

the smaller the diameter of the blood vessel, what happens to TPR?

Back 46

smaller diameter, the greater the pressure needed to push it through the tighter space

Front 47

vasoconstriction does what to TPR?

Back 47

TPR increases. Need more force

Front 48

Vasodialation does what to TPR?

Back 48

TPR decreases. need less force

Front 49

viscosity has what effect on TPR?

Back 49

it increases to push the thickness through

Front 50

arterial BP is measured in

Back 50

mm Hg

Front 51

systolic pressure

Back 51

peak pressure during ventricular systole

Front 52

diastolic pressure

Back 52

lowest pressure during ventricular diastole

Front 53

pulse pressure

Back 53

difference between systolic and diastolic

Front 54

Mean arterial pressure

Back 54

average time that blood is in the arteries.

*diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Front 55

why is MAP closer to diastolic pressure?

Back 55

because the blood stays in the arteries for a longer average amount of time.

Front 56

MAP=

Back 56

diastolic + 1/3(systolic- diastolic)

Front 57

hypertension

Back 57

high BP

Front 58

hypotension

Back 58

low BP

Front 59

venous return

Back 59

volume of blood returning to the RA from the systemic veins

*difficult in lower extremities because of gravity

Front 60

biggest drop in pressure occurs where?

Back 60

arterioles

Front 61

ways to assist venous return

Back 61

skeletal muscle pump

respiratory pump

valves in veins

Front 62

capillary exchange

Back 62

exchange of nutrients between interstitial tissues and capillary walls

Front 63

methods of capillary exchange

Back 63

diffusion

filtration

reabsorption

Front 64

which of the methods of capillary exchange, results from pressure changes?

Back 64

filtration and reabsorption

Front 65

process of filtration

Back 65

water and solutes are forced across wall into interstitial fluid by the CHP (blood pressure in capillaries)

Front 66

filtration causes a slight what?

Back 66

loss of fluid from blood

Front 67

process of reabsorption

Back 67

takes interstitial fluid into the blood

*results in slight gain of fluid

Front 68

as blood circulates through the body, there is a slight net _______ of fluid

Back 68

loss due to filtration

Front 69

edema

Back 69

abnormal collection of interstitial fluid

Front 70

causes of edema

Back 70

-decreased plasma protein (liver disease)

-filtering of plasma proteins (kidney disease)

-increased CHP (venous blood clots or heart fail)

Front 71

autoregulation of blood flow

Back 71

ability of tissue to automatically adjust blood flow based on metabolic needs

Front 72

Neural regulation

Back 72

baroreceptors detect changes in BP and send signals to cardiac center in brain

Vasomotor center adjusts the TPR

Front 73

MAP=

Back 73

CO x TPR

Diastolic+1/3 (PP)

Front 74

Pulse pressure=

Back 74

systolic - diastolic

Front 75

where are the basoreceptors located?

Back 75

aortic arch and the carotid sinus

Front 76

what does the aortic arch monitor?

Back 76

systemic blood pressure

Front 77

what does the carotid sinus monitor?

Back 77

bp to the brain

Front 78

how is the medulla oblongotta involved in blood pressure?

Back 78

the baroreceptors send it signals of the cardiac and vasomotor centers

Front 79

the cardiac center in the med. ob. adjusts the

Back 79

cardiac output

Front 80

the vasomotor center in the med. ob. adjusts the

Back 80

tpr

Front 81

epinephrine

Back 81

increases CO by increasing hr and sv

dialates in skeletal

constricts in digestive

*SHORT TERM

Front 82

3 things that affect the bp

Back 82

CO

TPR

Blood volume

Front 83

ADH (antidiuretic horomone)

Back 83

• comes from pituitary
• causes water retention (increasing blood vol)
• increases TPR bc of conctriction
• increases bp
• less urine

Front 84

atrial natriuetic horomone (ANP)

Back 84

• from atria of heart
• causes dialation and decreases TPR
• reduces blood volume
• more urine
• excretion of NA and water

Front 85

when blood volume is high what happens to ADH?

Back 85

you need less of it

Front 86

when blood volume decreases what happens to ADH?

Back 86

ADH increases

Front 87

when blood volume is high what happens to ANP?

Back 87

ANP is released

Front 88

when blood volume is low what happens to ANP?

Back 88

it is not released , you need less of it

Front 89

angiotensin II

Back 89

• created in the blood
• causes increases blood volume, TPR and BP
• causes water and sodium retention

Front 90

when the BP in kidneys is low what happens?

Back 90

kidneys secrete renin

renin turns into angiotensin 2

Front 91

athletes have _________hearts and ___________stroke volumes and ________ heart rates

Back 91

larger hearts

larger sv

LOWER HR

Front 92

to solve short term BP problems:

Back 92

sympathetic stimulation is needed from hypothal and baroreceptors

Front 93

to treat a long term problem restoration of blood volume

Back 93

it involves the kidneys and horomones

Front 94

4 arteries supply blood to brain

Back 94

RL internal carotid

RL vertebral arteries

Front 95

in the lungs, blood vessels dialate where the Oxygen levels are_____

Back 95

high

Front 96

in the lungs, vessels constrict when o2 levels are__________

Back 96

low

Front 97

most cases of hypertension are caused by

Back 97

unknown causes

Front 98

drugs to treat hypertension

Back 98

1. diuretics (decrease blood volume and increase urine volume)
2. beta blockers (reduce CO by blocking sympathetic stimulation)
3. vasodialators (reduce TPR)
4. ACE inhibitors (inhibits enzyme that makes angiotensin 2)

Front 99

what vessels is the umbillical cord made of ?

Back 99

2 arterites and 1 vein

Front 100

what is the source of o2 for the infant?

Back 100

the placenta

Front 101

the ulbillical arteries carry

Back 101

deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

Front 102

the umbillical vein carries

Back 102

oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

Front 103

foramen ovale

Back 103

opening in the walls of the atria allowing blood to bypass the ventricles and so it doesnt use the pulmonary circuit

Front 104

ductus arteriosus

Back 104

vessel between the pulm. trunk and aortic arch that allows the blood to bypass the pulm. circuit but any blood that gets into RV goes into the d. arteriosus