Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 4 functions of blood?
|
1.Transport of:
-Gases, nutrients, waste products -Processed molecules -Regulatory molecules 2.Regulation of pH and osmosis 3.Maintenance of body temperature 4.Protection against foreign substances Clot formation |
|
|
what part of blood transports gases, nutrients and waste products?
|
red blood cells
|
|
|
what part of blood protects against foreign substances
|
white blood cells
|
|
|
what part of blood is responsible for clot formation?
|
platelets and thrombocytes
|
|
|
what happens if the number of blood cells is too high?
|
the blood is to viscous and moves too slowly
|
|
|
what percentage of whole blood is plasma?
|
55%
|
|
|
what does plasma consist of (include percentages)
|
proteins 7%
water 91% Other solutes 2% (ions, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances) |
|
|
what is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood?
Why is this ratio of formed elements to plasma important? |
45%
because we don't want the blood to be too thick (viscous) |
|
|
name the protein in the plasma that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. What percentage of the proteins is it?
|
fibrinogen 4%
|
|
|
what are the formed elements in blood? give approximate numbers.
|
platelets 250 - 400 thousand
white blood cells 5 -9 thousand red blood cells 3.2 - 6.2 million |
|
|
what are the five kinds of white blood cells in order from most abundant to least abundant?
|
neutrophils
lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils |
|
|
what type of solution is blood plasma considered?
|
colloid - contains suspended substances that don't settle out
|
|
|
What is the other name and general function of:
Red blood cells? White blood cells? Platelets? |
erythrocytes: transport
leukocytes: protection thrombocytes: clotting |
|
|
categorize white blood cells by whether they are granulocytes or agranulocytes
|
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils
Agranulocytes: lymphocytes & monocytes |
|
|
what is the process of blood cell production called?
|
hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
|
|
|
what are stem cells?
what does the suffix "blast" mean? what does the suffix "cyte" mean? |
undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell
"blast" = undifferentiated "cyte" = differentiated |
|
|
What is the name of the undifferentiated precursor to: 1. red blood cells
2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. platelets |
1. proerythroblasts
2. lymphoblasts 3. monoblasts 4. megakaryoblasts |
|
|
What do myeloblasts develop into?
|
basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
|
|
|
What is the developmental stages of a red blood cell (erythrocyte)?
|
1. Stem cell develops into a proerythroblast.
2. Proerythroblast develops into an early erythroblast 3. which develops into an intermediate erythroblast 4 which develops into a late erythroblast 5. the nucleus is extruded from the late erythroblast, changing it into a 6. reticulocyte which becomes 7. a red blood cell |
|
|
at what stage is the nucleus extruded from the developing red blood cell?
|
in the step from late erythroblast to reticulocyte
|
|
|
what do myeloblasts become?
|
basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (the granulocytes)
|
|
|
what do lymphoblasts become?
what do monoblasts become? |
lymphocyte
monocyte (the agranulocytes) |
|
|
Describe the steps in platelet development
|
1. a stem cell develops into a megakaryoblast
2. which develops into a megakaryocyte 3. which is broken up into small pieces - the platelets |
|
|
where does hematopoiesis occur?
|
In the red bone marrow
|
|
|
describe the structure of erythrocytes
why is their structure important? |
Biconcave, anucleate
the biconcave shape allows them to navigate through very small blood vessels, they can bend around sharp turns, which increases mobility |
|
|
what are the components of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and their function?
|
hemoglobin - binds to O2
carbonic anhydrase - allows CO2 transport |
|
|
Describe the process of erythropoiesis
|
1. decreased blood oxygen (long term) stimulates the kidney to release the hormone erythropoietin
2. erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells in the red bone marrow 3. more red blood cells increases blood oxygen |
|
|
what is the function of neutrophils?
|
Neutrophils: Small phagocytic cells
|
|
|
what is the function of eosinophils?
|
Eosinophils: Reduce inflammation
|
|
|
what is the function of basophils?
|
Basophils: Release histamine and increase inflammatory response
|
|
|
what is the function of lymphocytes?
|
immunity
|
|
|
what is the function of moncytes?
|
become macrophages
|
|
|
what is the overall function of leukocytes?
|
Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
|
|
|
Describe chemotaxis
|
A type of cell movement from low concentrations of a particular chemical towards higher concentrations - white blood cells move from low [ ] to high [ ] of the proteins secreted by bacteria - WBC's travel to the site of the infection this way.
|
|
|
what does inflammation do?
|
causes more fluid to travel to the site of the irritant or infection - causes swelling and recruits more WBC's to the site of infection
|
|
|
what is the purpose of a scab?
|
So the wound can heal uninterrupted.
|
|
|
define hemostasis
why is it important? |
arrest of bleeding
It prevents excessive blood loss |
|
|
what are the 4 steps in healing when an injury to a blood vessel occurs?
|
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug forms 3. blood clot forms 4. blood clot dissolves |
|
|
what is von Willeband factor?
|
a protein present in connective tissue and in the smooth muscle of vessel walls
platelets bind to this protein when it is exposed by an abrasion |
|
|
what is the function of the first step in vessel healing?
|
vascular spasm/vasoconstriction decreases blood flow to the ripped or torn blood vessel.
|
|
|
describe the platelet plug and what holds it together
|
similar to a clot but not as strong - temporary - held together by fibrinogen
|
|
|
describe the clot formation
what's another name for it? what holds it together? |
AKA "coagulation"
Most important step in healing - more permanent held together by fibrin |
|
|
Describe the clotting factors and their actions in the 3rd step of healing.
|
prothrombinase enzyme converts prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin enzyme converts fribrinogen into fibrin Fibrin creates a clot which is stronger than a plug - the platelets are held together by fibrin. |
|
|
what is a platelet plug?
|
a bunch of platelets held together by von Willibrand factor in the first layer and fibrinogen the the subsequent layers.
|
|
|
Describe what first happens after an abrasion occurs to a vessel.
|
1st - platelets bind to the exposed connective tissue via von Willebrand factor. Von Willebrand factor activates the platelets
|
|
|
what is the second step in platelet plug formation?
|
2nd - the activated platelets then release thromboxane and ADP, which further activates the other platelets coming by - activation exposes the platelets' fibrinogen receptors
|
|
|
what is the third step in platelet plug formation?
|
Activated platelets' exposed fibrinogen receptors now bind to fibrinogen that occurs naturally everywhere in the blood plasma, forming fibrinogen bridges from platelet to platelet.
|
|
|
What are the three steps in coagulation?
|
1. Activation of prothrombinase which causes the
2. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 3. Thrombin causes the fibrinogen in the platelet plug to convert to fibrin which is stronger than fibrinogen (creates the stronger clot) |
|
|
describe fibrinolysis
|
Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin
|
|
|
what is plasmin?
|
an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin
|
|
|
what are the enzymes involved in step 2 of vessel healing?
|
thromboxane - activates platelets which exposes fibrinogen receptors
|
|
|
what are the enzymes involved in step 3 of vessel healing?
|
prothrombinase causes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin causes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
|
|
what are the enzymes involved in step 4 of vessel healing?
|
plasmin - hydrolyzes fibrin to break up the clot
|
|
|
what causes fibrinolysis
|
when a clot is forming, there's low levels of thrombin. After clot is there for a while, there's high levels of thrombin. Low levels of thrombin cause fibrinogen to convert to fibrin. High levels of thrombin cause inactive plasminogent to convert to plasmin - plasmin dissolves fibrin
|
|
|
what do low levels of thrombin do?
|
converts fibrinogen into fibrin for clot formation
|
|
|
what do high levels of thrombin do?
|
cause inactive plasminogen to convert to plasmin - plasmin dissolves fibrin
|
|
|
Re: Blood typing
what are and Where are antigens found? |
they are proteins found on the surface of red blood cells
|
|
|
Re: Blood typing
where are antibodies found? what do they do? |
they float around in the plasma
can bind to RBC antigens, (acting as a bridge between RBC's) resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs |
|
|
Type A RBC's have what type of surface antigens?
What type of antibodies? |
antigens = A
Antibodies = Anti-B |
|
|
Type B RBC's have what type of surface antigens?
What type of antibodies? |
antigens = B
Antibodies = Anti-A |
|
|
Type AB RBC's have what type of surface antigens?
What type of antibodies? |
antigens = A and B
Antibodies = none |
|
|
Type O RBC's have what type of surface antigens?
What type of antibodies? |
antigens = none
Antibodies = Anti-A and Anti-B |
|
|
Rh Blood types:
What type of antigens do Rh positive RBC's have? Rh negative RBC's |
Rh positive have Rh positive antigens present on RBC surface
Rh negative do not have antigents present on RBC surface |
|
|
What is Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
|
Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs
|
|
|
what is the only what HDN can occur?
|
when the mother is Rh- and the fetus in Rh+
|
|
|
HDN typically occurs when?
|
in 2nd pregnancies because the 1st pregnancy introduced the fetus' Rh+ blood into the mother, causing her to develop anti-Rh+ antibodies.
|
|
|
If the mother is Rh-, what will be done?
|
Mother will be given a drug that will destroy the Rh+ antibodies
|
|
|
what is the universal donor? why?
|
O negative because it contains no surface antigens
|
|
|
what is the universal recipient?
|
AB+ because it contains no antibodies.
|
