Blood And Lymph Anat

Front 1

3 types of connective tissues

Back 1

1. connective tissue proper

2. fluid connective tissues

3. supporting connective tissues

Front 2

2 types of fluid connective tissues

Back 2

blood and lymph

Front 3

blood

Back 3

composed of blood cells and plasma

plasma forms fluid matrix

Front 4

Lymph

Back 4

- composed of lymphocytes and lymph fluid

- lymph fluid is a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

Front 5

blood function

Back 5

- distributes nutrients, oxygen and hormones to body cells

- carries metabolic wastes away from cells and to the kidneys for excretion

- transports specialized cells that provide protection against infection and disease

Front 6

blood characteristics

vol in body

pH

Temp

Back 6

- volume in body

1. 5-6 L in avg. male

2. 4-5 L in avg. female

*** normovelic vs hypo/hypervolemic

-pH 7.35-7.45

-temp. 38C

Front 7

elements in blood

red blood cells- erythrocytes

Back 7

- carry O2 and CO2

- 99% of cells in the blood

Front 8

elements in blood

white blood cells- leukocytes

Back 8

- neutrophils

-eosinoohils

- basophils

- monocytes

- lymphocytes

Front 9

elements in blood

platelets

Back 9

clotting reaction

Front 10

white blood cells

neutrophils

Back 10

destroy bacteria

Front 11

white blood cells

eosinophils

Back 11

anti-inflammatory and allergic response

Front 12

white blood cells

basophils

Back 12

inflammatory response

Front 13

white blood cells

monocytes

Back 13

become macrophages

Front 14

white blood cells

lymphocytes

Back 14

immune reponse

Front 15

red blood cells

Back 15

- biconcave disc shaped cells

- plasma membrane surrounds cytoplasm containing water (66%) and proteins (33%)

intracellular structures, including nucleus, are ejected from cell during development- not needed for main purpose of gas transport

Front 16

platelets

Back 16

- formed from large stem cells calle megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow

- platelets are membrane bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocye

-responsible for the clotting reaction in blood

Front 17

blood vessels

Back 17

pathways for blood to circulate throughout the body

Front 18

blood flow: arteries, arterioles, continuous capillaries

Back 18

away from the heart

Front 19

blood flow: veins, venules, fenestrated capillaries

Back 19

towards the heart

Front 20

structure of blood vessels

three layers of vessel walls

Back 20

1. tunica interna

2. tunica media

3. tunica externa

Front 21

tunica interna

Back 21

- inner lining

- composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin layer of connective tissue

Front 22

tunica media

Back 22

- middle lining

-thickest layer

- composed of elastic fivers and smooth muscle

Front 23

tunica externa

Back 23

- outermost lining

- composed of connective tissue

-attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue

- anchor between blood vessel and connected tissues

Front 24

structure of artery

clockwise

Back 24

1. tunica externa

2. tunica media

3. tunica interna

4. internal elastic membrane

5. external elastic membrane

6. endothelium

7. smooth muscle

Front 25

structure of veins

top to bottom

Back 25

1. tunica externa

2. tunica media

3. tunica interna

4. smooth muscle

5. endothelium

Front 26

Back 26

L

Front 27

elastic (conducting) arteries

Back 27

1. largest diameter arteries

2. tunica media contains high density of elastic fibers

3. stretch and recoil in response to pumping of heart

4. even out pressure surges

Front 28

muscular (disturbing) arteries

Back 28

1. medium sized arteries

2. distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

3. tunica media contains predominantly smooth muscle

4. able to vasoconstrict (conflict) and vasodilate (open)

Front 29

arterioles

Back 29

1. small to microscopic vessels

2. poorly defined tunica externa

3. tunica media composed of few smooth muscle cells

4. deliver blood to capillaries

5. change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure b/c there are so many of them

Front 30

capillaries

Back 30

1. smallest blood vessels

2. connect arterioles to venules

3. mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues

Front 31

capillaries' pores- fenestrated capillaries

Back 31

there are a lot of pores, allowing stuff to pass through, this way we can pick up waste products from cells, taking them into the blood to where it needs to go

Front 32

types of capillaries

top to bottom

Back 32

1. continuous

2. fenestrated or porous

3. discontinuous- allows large products to go into vessels

Front 33

blood flow in capillary bed

precapillary sphincters

Back 33

control blood flow through capillaries

Front 34

blood flow in capillary bed

metarterioles

Back 34

shunt blood through capillary bed

allows blood to go through if tissues don't need anything

Front 35

veins

Back 35

collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart

Front 36

venules

Back 36

- collect blood from capillaries

- wall composed primarily of tunica interna

Front 37

medium and large veins

Back 37

tunica externa is the thickest layer

Front 38

valves

Back 38

- valves in the walls of veins prevent the backflow of blood

- venous compression caused by caontraction of adjacent muscles aids in maintaining blood flow

Front 39

tumors and veins

Back 39

a tumour is spread through blood b/c blood from the tumour are collected by veins

Front 40

major arteries areas

Back 40

1. thorax

2. head and neck

3. upper extremity

4. lower extremity

5. abdominopelvic cavity

Front 41

thorax

clockwise

Back 41

1. L. common carotid

2. brachiocephalic trunk

3. L subclavian

4. axillary

5. aortic arch

6. intercostal

7. thoracic aorta

8. internal thoracic

9. R. subclavian

10. Vertebral

11. R. Common carotid

Front 42

head and neck arteries

clockwise

Back 42

1. external carotid

2. carotid sinus

3. common carotid

4. brachiocephalic trunk

5. clavicle

6. first rib

7. second rib

8. internal thoracic

9. thyrocervical trunk

10. vertebral

11. internal carotid

Front 43

abdomen arteries

clockwise

Back 43

1. abdominal aorta

2. splenic

3. gastric arteries

4. inferior mesenteric

5. branches to colon

5. L common iliac

6. L external iliac

7. R. external iliac

8. R internal iliac

9. right common iliac

10. branches to small intestine

11. branches to colon

12. superior mesentric

13 common hepatic

14. celiac trunk

Front 44

upper extremity arteries

top to bottom

Back 44

1. R. common carotid

2. subclavian

3. axillary

4. deep brachial

5. brachial

6. radial

7. ulnar

8. palmar arches

9. digital

Front 45

lower extremity arteries

top to bottom

Back 45

1. common illiac

2. internal illiac

3. external iliac

4. deep femoral

5. femoral

6. branch to knee

7. popliteal

8. posterior tibial

9. fibular

10. anterior tibial

11. pedal arches

12. digital

Front 46

veins in the thorax

clockwise

Back 46

1. vertebral

2. internal jugular

3. external hugular

4. subclavian

5. brachiocephalic

6. hemiazygos

7. intercostals

8. inferior vena cava

9. internal thoracic

10. azygos

11. superior vena cava

Front 47

head and neck veins

clockwise

Back 47

1. internal jugular

2. R. braciocephalic

3. L. braciocephalic

4. superior vena cava

5. first rib

6. second rib

7. clavicle

8. subclavian

9. external jugular

10. vetebral

Front 48

deep abdomen veins

top to bottom

Back 48

1. hepatics

2. renals

3. gonadals

4. inferior vena cava

5. R. and L. common iliac

6. R. and L. internal iliac

7. R and L external iliac

Front 49

hepatic portal system

top to bottom

Back 49

1. gastrics

2. hepatic portal vein

3. splenic

4. superior mesenteric

5. inferior mesenteric

Front 50

Back 50

L

Front 51

lower extremity veins

top to bottom

Back 51

1. common iliac

2. internal iliac

3. external iliac

4. deep femoral

5. femoral

6. great saphenous

7. popliteal

8. posterior tibial

9. small saphenous

10. fibular

11 pedal arches

12. digitals

Front 52

two types of body fluids

Back 52

1. intracellular fluid

2. extracellular fluid

Front 53

internal fluid examples

Back 53

cytoplasm, nucleoplasm

Front 54

extracellular fluid: blood plasma

Back 54

is located in the circulatory system

Front 55

extracellular fluid: interstitial fluid

Back 55

- bathes the cells of the body

- filtrate of fluid and small solutes out of capillaries to the areas surrounding cells

- called "lymph" when it enters the lymphatic vessels

Front 56

lymph flow vs. blood flow

Back 56

blood is actively pumped through vessels by heart, lymph flows passively along a pressure gradient

Front 57

lymphatic vessels

Back 57

- lymphatic system has extremely low pressure

- vessels are very thin

Front 58

valves in the lymph system

Back 58

- large number of valves that prevent backflow of lymph

Front 59

lymphatic system and lymphocytes

Back 59

- produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes

- function in the immune system

Front 60

lymphatic system and blood volume

Back 60

- assists with maintaining blood volume

- vascular pressure forces water and solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space

- around 3.6 L, 72 % of blood volume enters interstitial fluid daily

- this fluid is returned to the vasculature by the lymph vessels

Front 61

lymphatic system as an alternate route

Back 61

- alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste

- some lipids absorbed by digestive tract enter bloodstream via lymph

Front 62

lipids in lymph

Back 62

lipids who go through lymph rather than capillaries don't go to the liver for processing, they can go straight to the heart:

- can go to aorta, creating aneurysms, block arteries

- can go to coronary arteries- causing heart attack

Front 63

lymphatic ducts

Back 63

top: drainage of right lymphatic duct

bottom: drainage of thoracic duct

Front 64

lymphatic ducts

top to bottom

Back 64

1. right lymphatic duct

2. thoracic duct

3. azygos vein

4. cysterna chyli

Front 65

lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes

Back 65

- originate and become immunocompetent in bone marrow

- reside in lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue

- produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens: antigen mediated immunity

Front 66

lymphocytes

T- Lymphocytes

Back 66

- originate in bone marrow but continue to develop and become immunocompetent in the thymus gland

-reside in spleen, other lymphoid organs, bone marrow

Front 67

cytotoxic T cells

Back 67

destroy pathogens and abnormal cells: cell-mediated immunity

Front 68

Regulatory T cells

Back 68

regulate the immune system

Front 69

NK (Natural Killer) cells

Back 69

-originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow

- continuously circulate through peripheral tissue

- respond to cancer cells

Front 70

lymphatic organs:

Back 70

- discrete structures enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue capsule

Front 71

lymphatic organs primary

Back 71

- produce, maintain and lymphocytes

- contain stem cells that generate B, T and NK cells

ex. boone marrow, thymus gland

Front 72

lymphatic organs secondary

Back 72

structures where most immune responses are initiated

- activated lymphocytes divide to produce additional lymphocytes of same type

- frontline where invading bacteria first encountered

ex. spleen, lymph nodes

Front 73

thymus gland

Back 73

- lies posterior to manubrium in the superior mediastinum

- two lovbes

- large in early life, undergoes involution in later life

- source of T lymphocytes

Front 74

thymus gland

top to bottom

Back 74

1. left lobe

2. right lobe

3. septae

4. lobules

Front 75

spleen

Back 75

- located along lateral curvature (left) of stomach

- largest lymphoid organ

- filters blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components by phagocytosis

- stores iron recycled by metabolized RBCs

- intiates immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens

Front 76

tonsils

Back 76

-aggregates of lymphoid nodules in the pharynx

- remove pathogens from inspired air and food

Front 77

lymphatic drainage of the breast

top to bottom

Back 77

1. axillary lymph nodes

2. lymph nodes

3. mammary glands

Front 78

cancer cells and lymphatics

Back 78

cancer cells metasize (migrate) along lymphatics and become trapped in lymph nodes

Front 79

lymphoid tissues

Back 79

- connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

- diffuse:mucous membranes or respiratory and urinary tracts

Front 80

lymphoid tissues: nodules

Back 80

- oval shaped aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres

- boundaries often indistinct due to lack of fibrous capsule

- mucosa of digestive tract

Front 81

lymph node structure

Back 81

- Oval lymphoid organs 1 – 25 mm in diameter -

- Many afferent vessels penetrate fibrous capsule - A single efferent vessel exits the node

Front 82

lymph node functions

Back 82

- Lymph nodes filter the lymph, removing 99+% of antigens

- Resident T cells, B cells and macrophages (major site of immune response to antigens)

-Lymph “glands” – large nodes at base of neck, axillae, groin

-“Swollen glands” – enlarged nodes due to inflammation or infection