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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is thrombopoiesis?
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Platelet formation
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Where does thrombopoiesis take place?
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Red bone marrow
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How do platelets form?
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-form from megakaryocytes
-fragments break off and enter circulatory system as a platelet -results in cell fragments with cytoplasm and no nucleus |
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What allows for attachment of platelets?
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-surface is covered with proteins including glycoproteins
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What is the life span of platelets?
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5-9 days
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What is the function of platelets?
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-only function in blood clotting
-send chemical signals to other platelets -physically block a wound |
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Why don't leukocytes have a pigment?
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there is no hemoglobin so they are colorless
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Where do leukocytes function?
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mainly in the tissues and out of circulatory system
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How do leukocytes move?
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ameobic movement- can move on own
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What is diapedsis?
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-movement by squeezing between or through cells
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What is chemotaxic?
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when something is attracted to chemical signals produced by damaged tissue and move toward damaged area
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What is pus?
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accumulation of dead WBCs, bacteria, and fluid
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What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
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-neutraphils
-eosinophils -basophils -leukocytes -monocytes |
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What are the 3 granular types of leukocytes?
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-neutraphils
-eosinophils -basophils |
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What are the 2 agranular types of leukocytes?
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-monocytes
-leukocytes |
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What is a neutraphil?
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-most common WBC
-60-70% of WBC -stain acidic and basic -have lobed nucleus -very phagocytic |
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What do neutraphils do?
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-secrete lysozymes that destroy bacteria
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What is an eosinophil?
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-granules stain red
-2-4% of WBCs -increases levels in people with allergies -attack some parasitic worms |
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What do eosinophils do?
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-release enzymes that destroy histamines to decrease inflammatory response
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escoger
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to choose, to select
choisir |
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What do basophils do?
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-secrete histamine and heparin to increase inflammation
-this release can lead to aniphylactic shock |
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What is a lymphocyte?
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-smallest WBC
-20-25% of WBC -originate in red bone marrow then migrate to lymphatic tissues |
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What do lymphocytes do?
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-produce clones of themselves
-most produced in lymphatic tissue not in red bone marrow -found in tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus |
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What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
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-b-cells
-t-cells |
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What do b-cells do?
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produce antibodies
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What do t-cells do?
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protect from viruses and tumors
-cause organ transplant rejection- destroyed by HIV virus |
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What is a monocyte?
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-largest WBC
-3-8% of WBC -enter into tissue and convert to macrophage -numbers increase in infection |
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What do monocytes phagocytize?
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anything abnormal
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What is leukopoiesis?
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formation of leukocytes
-occurs mainly in red bone marrow except lymphocytes mainly in lymphatic tissues |
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calzar
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to shoe, to wear (shoes), to put on (shoes)
chausser |
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What occurs in the platelet adhesion?
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-platelet bind to collagen fibers with protein that forms a bridge
-bridge formed between platelet and collagen fiber |
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What is the protein used to make the bridges in the platelet adhesion?
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VonWillebrand factor
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What occurs in the platelet activation?
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-binding of platelet to collagen fiber activates platelet and plate release reaction
-platelet releases ADP and thromboxane (activate other platelets) |
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Is platelet activation a negative feedback or positive feedback?
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positive feedback
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What occurs in platelet plug formation?
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-activated platelets change shape and express a fibrogen receptor on surface
-fibrogen forms bridges between platelets forming plug |
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What occurs in coagulation activation?
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-activated platelets express the phospholipids: Platelet Factor III and Coagulation Factor V
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What are the physical characteristics of clot formation?
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a.wound that is bleeding freely
b.blood viscosity increases and blood gels c.interwoven threads of fibrin form d.platelet plug forms between threads |
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What happens in stage 1 of chemical steps of clot formation?
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-activated Factor X stimulates formation of the enzyme prothrombinase
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What happens in stage 2 of the chemical steps of clot formation?
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-Prothrombinase converts the protein prothrombin to enzyme thrombin
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What happens in stage 3 of the chemical steps of clot formation?
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enzyme thrombin converts the plasma protein fibrogen into fibrin
-fibrin threads form mesh of clot |
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Why is clot formation a complex process?
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- circulate inactive, activated by chemical signals (ex.thrombin)
-prevents intravascular clotting |
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What are the 2 pathways for coagulation?
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-extrinsic
-intrinsic |
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What happens during the extrinsic pathway from coagulation?
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-begins with chemical signals outside blood
-damaged tissues will release thromboplastin |
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What does thromboplastin-factor VII activate in the extrinsic pathway?
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Factor X of common pathway
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What does thromboplastin bind to in the extrinsic pathway?
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-binds with factor VII and forms thromboplastin-factor III complex
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What is thromboplastin also known as?
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-Factor III or tissue factor
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What happens in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation pathway?
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-begins with chemical signals inside the blood
-exposed collagen fibers from damaged blood vessels activates a cascade of coag factors |
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What does the cascade of coag factors lead to in the intrinsic pathway?
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-activation of factor X in a common pathway
-thromboplastin factor VII complex can activate intrinsic pathway at factor IX |
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What happens in the clot formation regulation?
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-regulated to prevent intravascular clots
-blood has anticoagulations to prevent clotting |
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What happens at site of damaged tissue to regulate clotting?
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-activates coagulants over power coag factor
-increase concentration of activated coag factors overcome ability of anti-coags to prevent clotting |
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What are the 3 types of anticoagulants?
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1.antithtombin
2.heparin 3.prostacyclin |
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What is antithrombin?
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a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin
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What does heparin do?
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enhances the antithrombin action, increases rate of thrombin in activation
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What does prostacyclin do?
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inhibits coag factor release from platelets and increase of vasodialation
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How does clot contraction occur?
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Platelets have myosin and actin which allows contraction
-platelets attatch to fibrinogen by extensions that have myosin and actin |
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What happens when the extensions of platelets contracts?
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-it condenses the clot and pulls the edge of the blood vessels together.
-fibroblasts enter and repair the damaged connective tissue |
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What happens during clot dissolution?
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-an enzyme called plasmin dissolves fibrin
-plasmin circulates as inactive plasmogen -activated after clot formation by thrombin |
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What are the times for coagulation?
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Flow cessation (geling)= 1-4 mins
Coag time= up to 4-6 minutes |
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What is hemophilia?
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x linked trait
mostly occurs in males slow or no coagulation |
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What are the 2 types of hemophilia?
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1. Classic Hemophilia
2. Deficient Hemophilia |
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What is classic hemophilia?
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a person that does not have coag factor VIII
-1 in 10,000 in male births |
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What is deficient hemophilia?
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a person that is deficient in coag factor IX
-1 in 100,000 in male births |
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What is thrombus?
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- a clot in a blood vessel that is stationary
-blocks blood vessels and can lead to death |
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What is embolus?
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-a dislodged thrombus
-a clot that is moving -blocks blood vessels and can lead to death |
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What is polycythemia?
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high red blood cell count
Normal: live at high altitudes Abnormal:anything that will lower O2% in body -high viscosity of blood and blood volume |
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What is anemia?
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-decrease in hemoglobin
-can have decrease RBC count and normal HGB levels -or normal RBC count and decreased HGB levels |
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What is iron deficiency?
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-decrease in iron intake and decrease in HGB production
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What is hemorrhagic?
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-blood cell loss (bleeding)
-4 days to replace RBCs -plasma replaced quickly |
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What is hemolytic?
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-blood cells rupture or are destroyed
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What is aplastic?
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-bone marrow damage and decrease in RBCs production
-Chemotherapy |
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What is pernicious?
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-B12 deficiency and decrease in RBCs production
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What is sickle cell anemia?
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-a genetic disorder affects mostly African and Mediterranean decent
-block blood vessels because they stick together -produce an abnormal HGB |
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Can people with sickle cell anemia get malaria?
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NO
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How long do people usually live with sickle cell anemia?
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usually fatal by 30 years of age
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What is leukocytosis?
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-increase in WBCs
-greater WBCs then 10,000/mm3 -Cause: infection, pregnancy, leukemia (could be 250,000/mm3) |
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What is leukopenia?
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-decrease in WBCs
-less than 5,000/mm3 -Cause: malnutrition, influenza |
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What is thrombocytopoenia?
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-decrease in platelet count
-problem clotting blood |
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What is thrombocytosis?
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-increase in platelet cound
-spontaneous blood clotting |
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What is jaundice?
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-yellowing of skin and sclera
-caused by bilirubin pigment build up on body |
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What is the cardiovascular system?
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-a series of interconnected tubes or channels for the purpose of circulating a fluid with a pump
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What organs are involved in the cardiovascular system?
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-blood vessesls
-sinusoids -blood and bone marrow -lymphatic organs -heart |
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What is involved in the sinusoid?
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-small blood vessels similar to capillaries
-permeable to small and med proteins -endocrine tissue and bone marrow |
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What organs are involved with the lymphatic tissue?
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-tonsils
-lymph nodes -thymus -spleen |
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Does the lymphatic system have vessels?
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-vessels similar to veins
-no equivalent to arteries -no equivalent to heart or pump |
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What is lacteals?
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-similar to capillaries
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What is the fluid in the lymphatic system called?
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-fluid is called lymph
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What are the 4 functions of the heart?
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1.generates BP
2.routes blood 3.ensures on way blood flow through blood vessels 4.functions in blood supply regulation |
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What is the heart made of?
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-a pump of fibrous, muscular tissue
-made of 2 highly specialized blood vessels -2 atria and 2 ventricles |
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How many times does the heart beat in 24 hours?
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100,000 times
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How many liters of fluid does the heart handle in 24 hours?
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7200 liters
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How much does a normal heart weigh?
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250-300 grams
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Which side of the body does the heart mostly sit on?
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-2/3 of heart to left of mid-line
-sits at an angle in the body -pyramid shaped |
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What is the heart?
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a 2 sided pump
-R=pulmonary circuit -L=systemic circuit |
