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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cartilage?
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It is a specialized type of connective tissue
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What does all cartilage consist of?
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It consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance
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What are the cells in cartilage called?
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They are called chondrocytes, with chondro referring to cartilage
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
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Which of those 3 are avascular?
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Hyaline and elastic cartilage are avascular
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What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
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It is grayish white in color, has a translucent-glassy appearance, and a rubbery consistency
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Where is hyaline cartilage found?
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It is found in the fetal skeleton, ventral ends of the ribs, some parts of the larynx (Adam's Apple), tracheal and bronchial rings, nose, and articular surfaces of the bones
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Why is there no hyaline cartilage on skeletal preparations?
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There is resin used to connect the ribs to the sternum
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What does hyaline cartilage do to the tracheal and bronchial rings?
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It holds them open
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When you break your nose, what are you damaging?
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Hyaline cartilage
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What does hyaline cartilage form on the articular surfaces of the bones?
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It forms the gliding surface
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When staining hyaline cartilage with H & E, can you see chondrocytes?
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Yes
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What is the lacunae?
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The space in which hyaline cartilage cells live
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What is the hyaline matrix?
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It is rigid and tough, and resists tearing
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What does the hyaline matrix consist of?
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It consists of collagen fibrils and ground substance
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What type of collagen are collagen fibers?
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Type 2
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Why are collagen fibers invisible when you look at hyaline cartilage?
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Because of their size and they have the same index of refraction as the ground subtance
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What makes collagen fibrils?
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Chondrocytes
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What are the features of ground substance?
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It is firm, but can be cut with a knife
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What is ground substance made of?
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It is made up of hyaluronic acid plus proteoglycans, consisting of chains of keratin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate
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How are the proteoglycans bound to hyaluronic acid?
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They are bound by link proteins
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The proteoglycan has what kind of appearance in ground substance?
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It looks like a bottle brush
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What does hyaluronic acid do to ground substance?
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It is highly hydrated as a result, and can bear a lot of weight
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What is a functional use of this?
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It is good for articulation of bones, like the leg bones for example
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Why is much of the ground substance basophilic?
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Because of the all the acid (sulfate groups) on the GAGS
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What are the three zones of basophilicity?
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The capsular matrix, territorial matrix, and interterritorial matrix
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What type of collagen does the capsular matrix contain?
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It contains almost exclusively type IV collagen
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What does type IV collagen do?
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It anchors the chondrocyte to the matrix by binding to the cell surface
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What is this an exception to?
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This is the exception to the previous statement that collagen fibrils in the hyaline matrix contain mostly type II
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What is the prichondrium?
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Dense irregular connective tissue with gradual transition into cartilage
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Is there a difference between the appearance in the growing versus adult?
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Yes
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In the growing cartilage of the perichondrium, how many layers are there, and what are they?
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It has 2 layers, with one being the inner chondrogenic layer and the other is the outer less cellular layer
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What do you not see in adults?
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You dont see the inner chondrogenic layers
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What do you see instead?
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You see the periosteum with no layers
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What does the periochondrium contain?
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It contains the blood vessels that nourish cartilage via diffusion
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What can get through via diffusion?
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Small molecules, but large molecules like antibodies are excluded
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What does this mean about the immune system?
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It means the immune system does not see the antigens on chondrocytes
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What does this mean when cartilage grafts are being used?
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It means they have to be donor matched
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Describe the evidence about arthritis being exacerbated by erosion of the cartilage?
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It would expose chondrocytes, and your body would see things it hasn't seen ebfore, and it triggers an immune response
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Is there perichondrium on articular cartilage?
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No
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Why not?
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Because it would interfere with smooth muscle movement
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What are the 4 locations for elastic cartilage?
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Certain parts of the larynx, epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tube
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How is the structure of elastic cartilage similar to that of hyaline cartilage?
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It has chondrocytes and type 2 collagen fibrils
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How is it different?
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When unstained it is yellow and more flexible
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What does elastic cartilage contain a dense network of?
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It contains a dense network of elastic fibers
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Do they obscure anything as a result?
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Yes, they obscure the ground substance
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What is used to see the fibers clearly?
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An elastic stain is used
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What color do they appear?
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They appear reddish brown, or pink
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Is periochondrium present in elastic cartilage?
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Yes
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How does elastic cartilage receive nutrients?
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In the same way as hyaline cartilage
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Where is fibrocartilage found?
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It is found where fibrous tissue is subjected to pressure or tension, such as intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, and ligamentum teres of the femur
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What parts of the intervertebral discs contain fibrocartilage?
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Both the annulus and nucleus pulposus
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Where does the ligamentum teres run?
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It runs from the head of the femur to the socket
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How can cells in fibrocartilage appear?
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They can appear in rows or singly
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How does cartilage develop?
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It develops from mesenchyme
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How do mesenchymal cells make cartilage?
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Mesenchymal cells lose their connections to each other, pull in their processes and condense. Then they differentiate into chondroblasts, and secrete matrix around themselves (becoming trapped), which pushes them apart.
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What are they called when they are surrounded by matrix?
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They are called chondrocytes
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What happens then?
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The chondrocytes continue to divide, forming isogenous groups
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Are cells of the same isogenous group different?
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No, they are clones of the adjacent cell
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What is interstitial growth?
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Daughter cells grow apart by matrix production, which causes the entire area of cartilage to expand from within (by the matrix production)
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What is oppositional growth?
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The mesenchyme surrounding the cartilage condenses and forms the perichondrium
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What do the cells nearest the cartilage do once they become chondroblasts in appositional growth?
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They lay down cartilage on the surface of existing cartilage
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What does this form?
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It forms the chondrogenic layer in the perichondrium of young cartilage
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In adults, what happens to this layer?
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This layer consists of flattened cells with the potential to become chondrocytes
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Does this ever occur in adults?
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It does when there is an injury
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Does cartilage repair itself?
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Perichondrial cells can enlarge, proliferate, and fill in the defect with a mixture of cartilage and connective tissue (mostly the latter)
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What is calcification?
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It is a regressive change in cartilage, wherein there is a deposition of calcium sulfate and carbonate into the matrix
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What is the result?
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Cell death because nutrition cant diffuse through, making cartilage hard and brittle
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Does this ever occur normally?
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It occurs normal in bone formation (endochondral), but is abnormal in normal hyaline cartilage
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