Birds

Front 1

What are the most common gross and histological lesions of West Nile virus in raptor birds?

Back 1

Calvarial and leptomeningeal hemorrhage
Myocardial pallor
Splenomegaly
- myocardial inflammation / necrosis / fibrosis
- skeletal muscle degeneration / inflammation / fibrosis
- lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis
More histologic lesions than gross lesions. IHC+ in many organs.

Hint 1

J Wildl Dis. 2007 Apr;43(2):214-23.

Front 2

WNV:
Main gross lesions in great gray owls and barred owls?

Back 2

Great gray:
- hepatic and splenic necrosis
- DIC
- WNV Ag in many organs; endothelial cells, macrophages, hepatocytes
Barred owls:
- mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis with glial nodules and lymphoplasmacytic pectenitis
- Ag sparse; few brain neurons and renal tubular epithelial cells

Hint 2

AD 51:140 2007

Front 3

Experimental West Nile virus infection in Eastern screech owls?

Back 3

2/9 sick.
WNV targeted skin, spleen, esophagus, skeletal muscle early in infection.
Morbid owls: myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis and mild encephalitis and nephritis; some of the healthy birds had myocardial arteritis and renal phlebitis.

Hint 3

AD 50:252 2006

Front 4

Galliform birds resistance to WNV?

Back 4

Relatively resistant generally. Outbreak in chukar partridges and domestic Impeyan pheasants with 25% mortality in 2002 (USA); mucosal hemorrhage at proventricular to ventricular jct and cecal ulcers.
Myocardial necrosis
fibrinous and necrotizing splenitis.

Hint 4

AD 50:456 2006

Front 5

WNV Overview

Back 5

Mosquito-borne Flavivirus.
Lineage I: Europe, US, other areas.
Tropism: CNS, PNS, myocardium, mononuclear phagocytic system, epithelial cells, fibrous connective tissue, oocytes.
Mononuclear cells targeted for replication/spread.

NB Polar bear in Toronto Zoo: encephalitis

Hint 5

Overview by JvdB

Front 6

WNV in horse?

Back 6

Horse: circling, ataxia, tetraparesis. Histo: ventral + lateral hornse thor/lumb spinal cord. Lower brainstem: medulla obl, pons. Nonsupp polioencephalomyeltis. Perivasc cuffs, gliosis, glial nodules. Mild nonsupp myocarditis. Atrophy lymphoid follicles.

Hint 6

JvdB

Front 7

WNV in wolf and dog?

Back 7

No clinical disease.
Enchephalitis g.m.; random gliosis, lymphocytes, neutrophils, glial nodules.
Myocardial fragmentation, myocarditis.
Adrenal cortex: few lympho's / necrosis.

Hint 7

JvdB

Front 8

WNV in reindeer?

Back 8

Lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis med. oblongata + cervical spinal cord

Hint 8

JvdB

Front 9

WNV squirrel?

Back 9

lymphoplasm. (meningo)encephalitis brainstem, thalamus. microglial nodules +/- neutrophils, neur. necr., hemorrhage.
Lymphocytic myocarditis.
Eastern fox squirrel: lymphoplasmacytic nephritis as only consistent finding!
Necr. myocarditis
Nonsupp meningoencephalitis
Perivasc lymphohis infiltrates liver/lung.
Squirrels more resistant than crows, less resistant than horses.

Hint 9

JvdB

Front 10

WNV in farmed American alligators?

Back 10

Amplifying host? Infected horse meat.
Heterophilic-lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalomyelitis.
Necrotizing hepatitis, pancreatitis, splenitis.
Myocardial degeneration + necrosis.
Mild interstitial pneumonia.
Heterophilic, necrotizing stomatitis-glossitis.
IHC liver (highest), pancreas, spleen, brain/spinal cord (lowest viral load).

Hint 10

JvdB

Front 11

WNV in crows, blue jays, eastern loggerhead shrike?

Back 11

Gross: splenomegaly, congestion lungs/heart/liver/brain/proventriculus/testicles.
Necrosis spleen and bone marrow (coag necr + fibrin); lymphoid depletion.
Pulm. congestion, edema, fibrin.
Necrosis pancreas, intestinal crypts, liver.
Nonsupp. hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, adrenalitis.
High mortality in shrike, passerines, corvids with more necrosis than inflammation.
Birds of prey: more chronic inflamation.

Hint 11

JvdB

Front 12

WNV in birds owls?

Back 12

Clin: neuro
Gross: hepato/splenomegaly, myocardial necr foci, meningeal/cerebral hemorrh/congestion.
Histo: lym/plas meningoencephalomyelitis, necr myocarditis, necr skel muscle, nonsupp lesions spleen, liver, kidney.
Risk factors: outdoors, northern native breeding range, large/medium body size, >1 yr.

Hint 12

JvdB

Front 13

WNV in birds of prey (hawk, golden eagle)?

Back 13

Clin: subtle neur / general illness.
Micro:
- lymplashis meningoencephalitis
- myocarditis
- endophthalmitis / optic neuritis !
- cerebral / myocardial arteritis
- heterophilic nephritis, necr arteritis (+ fibrinoid damage)
- periportal hepatitis
- pectoral myositis (skin)
Most: molec layer cerebellum.

Hint 13

JvdB

Front 14

Natural H5N1 in swans in Germany:
lesions, IHC?

Back 14

Gross:
- multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in pancreas
- pulmonary congestion and edema
- subepicardial hemorrhages
Histo:
- acute pancreatic necrosis
- multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
- lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis with neuronal necrosis
- adrenals: scattered cortical and medullary necrosis
- spleen and Peyers p.: mild lymphocytic necrosis
IHC+:
- neurons, glial cells
- hepatocytes
- exocrine acinar cells pancreas
- adrenal med + cort cells
- many cells; strongly consistent with histo lesions.
But NOT in pneumocytes!!! (as opposed to gallinaceous spp., passerines, budgerigars).
Examinogenic paper!

Hint 14

Vet Pathol 44:137 2007

Front 15

H5N1 experimental infection in pigeons?

Back 15

Gross: occasional sc hyperemia + hemorrhage and cerebral malacia.
Histo: lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with disseminated neuronal and glial cell necrosis, perivascular cuffing, glial nodules.
Conclusions:
- pigeons are susceptible
- neurotropism
Furthermore: initial replication HPAI is in ECs.

Hint 15

Vet Path 43:467 (2006)

Front 16

H5N1 natural infection:
Antigen levels duck versus chicken and Japanese quail?
Duck: Ag levels in digestive versus respiratory organs?

Back 16

Antigen in duck tissues: lower levels, with the exception of brain and skeletal muscle.
In most cases Ag in duck absent in digestive, present in respiratory organs -> suggests aerosol and oral-oral transmission of HAPI in ducks.

Hint 16

AP june 2006 35(3)205-253

Front 17

Influenza host range restriction:
Role of:
- hemagglutinin?
- neuraminidase?
- RNA polymerase (PB2) protein?
- nonstructural (NS1) protein?

Back 17

- HA binds SA on host cell surface molecules + promotes release of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes through membrane fusion. Is important in host range restriction.
- NA removes SA to free newly synthesized viruses.
- PB2: also a critical factor for host range restriction.
- NS1: affects initial host immune responses.

Hint 17

EID 2006

Front 18

What does NS1 protein of influenza virus do?

Back 18

nonstructural protein 1: inhibits IFNbeta synthesis.
-> antiviral response inhibited; NS1 plays a major role in pathogenicity.
NS1 counteracts cellular IFN response by:
1. binding dsRNA -> less dsRNA-activated protein kinase -> less IFN
2. preventing activation of TFs as c-jun, NFkB etc -> less IFN.

Hint 18

EID 2006

Front 19

Psittacid herpesvirus-1:

Back 19

Acute fatal disease in parrots.
Pacheco's disease.
Papillomas (cutaneous and mucosal).
Not all infections cause disease (asymptomatic infections).
Viral DNA: oral and cloacal mucosa.
Infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another.
PsHV-2: pathogenicity unknown.

Hint 19

JVDI 18:536 2006

Front 20

Clostridium perfringens-associated avian enteritis:
role of beta2 toxin?

Back 20

90% of healthy birds carried CPB2-producing isolates.
Half of the cpb2-positive isolates from diseased birds failed to produce CPB2.
These data do not suggest a causal relationship between beta2 toxin and necrotic enteritis in birds.

Hint 20

J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007 May;19(3):329-33

Front 21

Hemochromatosis is common in which avian families / species?
Results of experimental i.v. iron overload in adult pigeons?

Back 21

Paradiseadae (bird of paradise)
Rhamphastidae (toucan)
Sturnidae (starling, spreeuw in Dutch).

Result of experiment: all developed hemosiderosis in liver. None developed hemochromatosis (Perl's Prussian blue).

Hint 21

JZWM 38(2) 222 2007

Front 22

Outbreak of fatal necrotic enteritis among wild crows in Japan:
lesions, agent?

Back 22

Gross:
- dilated SI with gas and dark red to greenish-brown soft content
- necrotic intestinal wall, thickened, with hemorrhages
- white foci liver
- splenomegaly
Histo:
- severe necrotic enteritis with hemorrhages and inflammation, and a pseudomembrane
- severe adhesive peritonitis
Clostridium perfringens type A

Hint 22

AP 33(1):19-24

Front 23

Blackhead infection:
does it spread from bird to bird (without vectors) in absence of vectors in chickens? And in turkeys?

Back 23

Not in chickens. It does in turkeys.

Hint 23

AD 50:277 2006

Front 24

Sub-lingual oral fistulas in free-living stitchbirds:

Back 24

The tongue protrudes below the bird's mandible from a hole in the oral cavity floor.
Etiology unknown.
It's a bird in New Zealand.

Hint 24

AP april 2007 36(2) 101-107

Front 25

What is duck plague?

Back 25

Duck virus enteritis.
Anatid herpesvirus-1. Alphaherpesvirus. Also in geese and swans. Vascular damage and hemorrhage and free blood in body cavities. GI mucosal erosions/ulcers. Necrosis lymphoid + parench. organs.
Annular hemorrhagic bonds intestinal mucosa.
Eo INIBs epithelia.

DDx
duck viral hepatitis: Picornaviridae, enterovirus; <4 wks age.
NCD.

Front 26

Are ducks susceptible to Histomonas meleagridis?

Back 26

No, but they can act as carrier animals.
And 5/83 ducks in experimental infection developed gross cecal lesion. None had clinical signs.

Hint 26

AP 35(2):109 2006

Front 27

What are the lesions of falcon adenovirus in falcons?

Back 27

Female:
- anemia sec. to hemorrhage ovary and oviduct
- serofibr effusion pericardioabdom. cavity
- serosal petechiae
Histo:
- mild necr hepatitis with numerous INIB
- necr splenitis with rare INIB
Male: no gross lesions.
- urate dep. and rare INIB renal epithelium.

Hint 27

JVDI 2006 18(3) 282

Front 28

Lesions caused by Escherichia fergusonii in 2 ostriches?

Back 28

Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis.
Pseudomembrane; fibrin, serocellular exudate. Gram- bact col.

Hint 28

AD 49(1):167 2005

Front 29

Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in cranes:
- basic host response?
- gross lesions; which organs affected?
- coccidia in which cells?

Back 29

- granulomatous inflammation with non-supp vasculitis in many organs
- nodules in mucosa oral cavity, esophagus, viscera
- developing asexual stages in cytoplasm of large lymphocytes or monocytes, within parasitophorous vacuole.

Hint 29

AP 33(3):275 2004

Front 30

Passerid herpesvirus-1 in finches?

Back 30

tracheitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis. high morbidity and mortality. alphaherpesvirus.

Hint 30

Vet Path 43:963 2006

Front 31

Is there a causal relationship between chlamydiae and atherosclerosis in pet birds?

Back 31

Rather improbable.
In chickens: Marek's disease virus can cause atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis common in anseriformes, columbiformes, psittaciformes.
Mainly thoracic aorta and brachiocephalic arteries. Usually subclinical.

Hint 31

AD 51:8 2007

Front 32

Nipah virus:
reservoir species?
Can infect which mammals?

Back 32

Fruit bats. zoonotic! fatal encephalitis in man.
Can infect many mammals:
- human
- pig
- dog
- cat
- golden hamster
This study: experimental inoculation of chicken eggs (I don't think that's very relevant).

Hint 32

JCP 2006 135(2-3) 74-82

Front 33

Neuronal storage disease in a group of captive Humboldt penguins.
Findings?

Back 33

Vacuolation neuronal perikarya in Purkinje cells, neurons of brainstem nuclei, motorneurons spinal cord.
EM: vacuoles represented multilayered concentric lamellar structures, indicative of sphingolipidosis.
(circumstantial evidence: chloroquine therapy as possible cause)

Hint 33

Vet Pathol 43:1029 2006

Front 34

Botulism in fish-eating birds?

Back 34

Lake Erie. Type E botulism. Yellow perch fish survived longer than other fish spp; live fish can be a vector for BoNT/E.

Hint 34

JWD 42(3),2006,479

Front 35

Usutu virus infections in Austria:
- mass mortality in which species?
- gross?
- histo?
- viral antigen?
- viral nucleic acid?

Back 35

- Eurasian blackbirds
- major gross finding: hepatosplenomegaly.
- Histo:
neuronal necrosis
myocardial lesions
coag necr liver and spleen
- Ag: brain neurons (100%), myocard.fibres,splenic capsule,renal glom,T.musc intest.,provent.glands,lungs,Kupffer cells.
- nucleic acid: brain neurons (100%), myocard.fibres,splenic macroph,renal tub c,T.musc.intest.,proventr glands,lung,Kupffer.

Hint 35

JCP 131(2-3):176 2004

Front 36

Fatal hemoprotozoal infections in flamingos, jays and oropendolas:
lesions?

Back 36

Aberrant hosts. Excellent body condition. Peracute death.
Serosanguineous fluid in coelomic cavity.
Splenohepatomegaly. With liver rupture, hemorrhage.
Histo: large protozoal cysts in liver.
(in normal hosts schizogony common in endothelium of lung/liver/spleen/skeletal/cardiac muscle/bone marrow)
haemoproteus and plasmodium identified.
Haemoproteus: most common avian hemoprotozoan. High pathogenicity for quail, turkey, columbiformes.
Plasmodium: avian malaria. widest host range. passerines often asympt carriers.
Leucocytozoon is the 3rd common avian hemoprotozoon.

Hint 36

JZWM 38(2):309 2007

Front 37

Circovirus in Australian ravens?

Back 37

new circovirus. feather lesions as in PBFD.
follicle dysplasia
mixed inflammation pulp
apoptosis basilar keratinocytes
inclusions basilar and suprabasilar keratinocytes.

Hint 37

AP 35(2):86-92

Front 38

Pinching off syndrome in white-tailed sea eagles?

Back 38

A generalized feather abnormality affecting these birds in Europe. Pathological keratinitzation in papilla.
- extended stratum transitivum
- compact, thickened keratinized stratum corneum.
Also in all birds: lipofuscin accumulations in neurons, glial cells and islet cells of the pancreas. (not clear whether there is an association)

Hint 38

AP 2007 26(3) 235

Front 39

Epornitic of avian pox in common buzzards.

Back 39

Toes: crusty and proliferative nodules surrounded by skin swelling.
Epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration and large ICIB (avipoxvirus).
Dissimilar to other avian poxviruses.

Hint 39

AP 2007 36(2) 161

Front 40

Harpirhynchus nidulans in bearded tits and hawfinches?

Back 40

Central Europe:
yellow thin-walled subalar cutaneous cysts. Filled with friable material containing mites Harpirhynchus nidulans.
Wall: erys, heteroph. NO mononuclear cells. On adult birds only.

Hint 40

AP 34(1):26 2005

Front 41

Novel psittacid herpesvirus in African grey parrots?

Back 41

From a cloacal papilloma, a cutaneous papilloma, and the normal cloacal mucosa.
proposed PsHV-2.

Hint 41

AP 34(2) 150 2005

Front 42

Pigeon circovirus?

Back 42

In racing pigeons, pigeons raised for meat.
Histo: lymphocytic depletion, ICIB botryoid macrophages of lymphoid tissue (bursa).
Viral DNA most commonly detected in:
- respiratory organs (trachea, pharynx, lung)
- followed by spleen, kidney, liver.
also ovary/testes in some birds: maybe vertical transmission.

Hint 42

AP 35(1):30 2006

Front 43

Goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus infection in goose embryos?

Back 43

Some were able to hatch -> possible vertical transmission.
Hemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese.
Extensive cerebral hemorrhages, often protruding the skullcap. Sc hemorrhages, nephrosis, renal degeneration.
EM: in endothelial nucleus.

Hint 43

AP 35(1),49 2006

Front 44

List avian herpesviruses and the diseases they cause.

Back 44

Avian alphaherpesviruses:
Avian HV1: ILT
Avian HV2: Marek's
Psittacid HV1: parrot herpesvirus, Pacheco's disease in psittacines
Unclassified avian herpesviruses: many; bald eagle, duck plague/DVE, black stork, pigeon, falcon inclusion body disease, cranes, owl hepatosplenitis, cormorant, bobwhite quail, budgerigar.

Hint 44

AFIP WSC 05-06 p228

Front 45

Which viruses cause hepatocellular intranuclear inclusion bodies in birds?

Back 45

- herpesvirus parrots/pigeons/owls/hawks/ducks
- adenovirus chickens/goslings/bobwhite quail
- parvovirus geese
- papovavirus budgerigars (budgerigar fledgling disease)

Hint 45

AFIP WSC 05-06 p228

Front 46

Coronaviral diseases in birds?

Back 46

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (resp)
Turkey coronavirus (enteric)

Coronaviruses: 3 groups according to antigenicity and genetic structure.
I: TGEV pig, FIPV cat, Canine CoV, PEDV pig.
II: MHV mouse, BCoV bovine.
III: IBV chicken, TCoV turkey, pheasant CoV.

Hint 46

AD 50:315 2006

Front 47

Reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from prairie chickens: pathogenicity?

Back 47

Lymphosarcomas in quails and chickens and turkeys.
REV: group of avian retroviruses (replication-defective REV-T turkey, nondefective REV-A, spleen necrosis virus, chicken syncytial virus, duck infectious anemia virus).
Nondefective REV strains: many birds, mostly galliform.
Syndromes by REV: runting, acute nonneoplastic syndrome with high mort., severe immune suppression, T- and/or B-cell lymphomas.

Hint 47

AD 51:33 2007

Front 48

Lentoid bodies in avian retina?

Back 48

Associated with trauma / degeneration.
Starts with Müller cell hypertrophy, culminating in lentoid formation. IHC:
GFAP in early Müller hypertrophy.
crystalline alpha-A increased as lentoids were formed.
Lentoids seem to arise from Müller cells.

Hint 48

JCP 2006 135 243-248

Front 49

Which secondary infections often follows adenoviral infection in pigeons?
Lesions?

Back 49

colibacillosis: "adeno/coli syndrome". Type 1 adenovirosis.
hemorrhagic to fibrinous duodeno-jejunitis, acute hepatitis.
Villus atrophy, INIB in villus epith., INIB hepatocytes.
(type 2 adenovirosis: "necrotizing hepatitis"; hepatic necrosis with eo or ampho INIB)

Hint 49

The Vet J 172 2006 40-51

Front 50

Zinc phosphide intoxication of wild turkeys?

Back 50

Zn3P2: rodenticide. Aspecific lesions: venous congestion, cloudy swelling enterocytes, fatty degen. hepatocytes.
Turkeys: congested lungs, hepatic / peritoneal / epicardial hemorrhages, good body condition.
Histo: lung congestion, edema, mild interstitial heterophilic pneumonia.

Hint 50

JWD 41(1):218 2005

Front 51

Which disease has influenced the success of conservation management in the critically endangered kakapo parrot?

Back 51

Erysipelas.
New Zealand. (as good as extinct)

Hint 51

AP 34(5):383 2005

Front 52

Reovirus in psittaciformes?

Back 52

Avian reoviruses:
Viral arthritis / tenosynovitis, malabsorption syndrome, stunting/runting syndromes, enteric disease, immunosupp, resp disease in poultry.
Psittacines: splenomegaly, hepatic congestion and enteritis. Histo: hepatic coagulation necrosis, less prominent necrosis in spleen and bone marrow.

Hint 52

AP 2007 36(4)293

Front 53

Duck parvovirus in Muscovy ducks in USA:
microscopic lesions?

Back 53

degenerative rhabdomyopathy.

Hint 53

AP 2006 35(6)435

Front 54

Lesions in birds after oil spill (Spain)?

Back 54

Gross:
- severe dehydration
- emaciation
Histo:
- hemosiderin related to cachexia and/or hemolytic anemia; in birds with oil in intestine
- aspergillosis and ulcers in ventriculus; in birds that died after treatment; explained by stress
Conclusion: petroleum oil toxicosis -> multiple sublethal changes; esp. weak and young birds die. Dehydration and exhaustion seem most likely cause of death.

Hint 54

JWD 41(2):371 2005

Front 55

Toxicity of sodium chloride to house sparrows?

Back 55

NaCl is deicing agent on roadways. Experimental oral exposure in passerines.
LD50 similar to mammals.
Depression and ataxia.
Edema and distention of caudoventral thin muscled region of the gizzard.
No histo lesions brain (explained by acute nature of exporure).
Fluid accumulation beneath koilin layer of gizzard in majority of birds at high dosage levels.

Hint 55

JWD 41(2):363 2005

Front 56

Differences between chicken, SPF turkey, commercial turkey and pigeon in susceptibility to highly virulent NDV?

Back 56

chicken > SPF turkey > commercial turkey > pigeon.

END = exotic Newcastle disease; pigeons could be subclinical carriers!

Hint 56

Vet Pathol 43:925-933 (2006)

Front 57

Common diseases in trumpeter swans?

Back 57

- Amyloidosis! most common in spleen, liver, kidney. Effaced normal tissue with adjacent necrosis and hemorrhage in sever cases. More in February, March.
- Aspergillosis (A. fumigatus)
- bacterial (E. coli, Streptococcus sp., Pasteurella multocida)
- lead toxicosis

Hint 57

JVDI 17(3):295 2005

Front 58

Most common Aspergillus species isolated from birds?

Back 58

Aspergillus fumigatus

Hint 58

Schmidt p19

Front 59

Defining lesions of Pacheco's disease?

Back 59

Massive hepatic and splenic necrosis with syncytial cells, and eo INIB.
Other organs: spleen, pancreas, crop, intestine. Unusually resp system affected.

Hint 59

Schmidt p21-22

Front 60

Most consistent lesions of polyomavirus in birds?

Back 60

Hepatic necrosis
Membranous glomerulopathy
Variable karyomegaly of hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, large clear to baso INIB of splenic PALS. Splenomegaly.
Enlarged bursa of F. with serosal hemorrhages.
Pansystemic disease of budgerigar nestlings and other psittacines.

Hint 60

Schmidt p22

Front 61

Tracheal mite of canaries and Gouldian finches?

Back 61

Sternostoma tracheacolum. Trachea and air sacs, throughout resp system.

Hint 61

Schmidt 24