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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many temporal fenestrae do turtles have |
Technically none but they possible could've had two and have lost them secondarily |
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In turtles which bones form the jaw articulation |
articular and quadrate |
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What bone conveys vibrations to the inner ear |
columella |
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What is the carapace of a turtle made of? |
bony plates developed in the dermis which are fused to the ribs and neural arches of all 10 thoracic, 2 saccral and first caudal vertebra |
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What is the plastron of a turtle made of? |
- dermal structure partly derived from abdominal ribs - parts of the pectoral girdle are also incorporated into the plastron. - Clavicles form the epiplastrons and the inter-clavicle is the entoplastron |
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Characteristics of the turtle pelvic girdle |
- ventral to the ribs - tri-radiate form - elongated scapula with long acromion process and a long ventral coracoid process |
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Characteristics of the turtle pelvic girdle |
In side neck turtles: girdle is fused In retracting turtles: girdle is unfused |
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modern testundines 2 clades: |
pleurodira (side neck turtles) bend neck laterally Cryptodira (shell retracting) S-bend of neck |
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Crocodile apomorphic characteristics |
- crescent shaped nostrils in small eminence at tip of snout - ear openings hidden by flaps of tissue - heavy, scaly skin on back strengthened by dermal bony plates |
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Skulls and skeletons of crocodiles |
- diapsid - conical teeth - secondary bony palate involves maxilla, palatine and pterygoid - 2 sacral vertebrae - abdominal ribs present - elongated scapula and coracoid |
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Two types of crocodiles (families) |
True crocodiles (crocodylidae) - narrower snouts than alligators and the large teeth of the lower jaw are visible when jaw is closed Alligators and caimans (Alligatoridae) - broad shovel shaped snouts and when the jaws are closed the teeth of the lower jaw fit into sockets within the upper jaw |
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Types of teeth? What are the crocodiles tooth type? |
acrodont + pleurodont = loosely attached to jaw theodont = deeply socketed crocodiles have acrodont teeth |
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Bird main characteristics |
- feathers - single occipital condyle - modified forelimb as wing - furcula - no teeth - beaks - quadrate/articular jaw articulation - columella connects tympanum to inner ear - heterocoelous (saddle shaped facets) cercival vertebrae |
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Types of birds |
Paleognathae- flightless birds Neognathae- ducks, geese etc Neoaves- waterbirds landbirds- mousebirds, owls etc |
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Bird skeleton characteristics (ribs and vertebral column) |
- hollow bones with struts, larger bones are connected to the air sac system - vertebral column - flexibility of neck due to saddle shaped facets - rest is fairly rigid - some taxa the anterior thoracic vertebrae are fused into a single mass to stabilise the anterior end of the body - synsacrum: fused lumbar, sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae - rest of caudal vertebrae form pygostyle |
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Bird skeleton characteristics (sternum and pectoral girdle) |
- variable sternum structure (flying has a keel, flightless have reduced keel) - scapulae is long and narrow and connected to sternum by the coracoids (strong and large) - clavicle fused to form ferculum |
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Bird skeleton characteristics (wings and pectoral girdle) |
- strong humerus - large pneumatic foramen on the inner surface of the head - radius more slender than ulna - stout ulna with nobs on surface for secondary flight feathers - two free carpals at the end of the radius and ulna - illium extends anteriorly and posteriorly of the acetabulum and fuses with the synasacrum - backwards rotated pubis |
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Bird skeleton characteristics (legs and feet) |
- short femur - distal end of tibia fuses with proximal tarsus bones to form tibiotarsus - fibula reduced to splint - distal row tarsals fuse with metatarsals to form tarsometatarsus. (only digits 2,3,4 involved) - most birds have four toes - digit 1 usually (sometimes 2 also) pointing backwards in perching birds |
