Biom1052 - Definition

Front 1

Arteries

Back 1

Carry BLOOD AWAY from the heart.

Front 2

Capillaries

Back 2

Blood vessels that EXCHANGE gases, nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues and return TOWARD the heart.

Front 3

Veins

Back 3

Return blood TOWARD the heart

Front 4

Anastomosis

Back 4

The site where two or more arteries converge to supply the same tissue, such as the Circle of Willis.

Front 5

What is the structure of the artery walls?

Back 5

1. Tunica intima - a simple squamous epithelium forming smooth surface in the lumen.

2. Tunica media - circularly arranged smooth muscle cells.

3. Tunica externa - the outer protective connective tissue layer, and larger veins have longitudinal muscle.

Front 6

What is the structure of the vein walls?

Back 6

1. Tunica intima - a simple squamous epithelium forming smooth surface in the lumen.

2. Tunica media - circularly arranged smooth muscle cells, thinner in veins.

3. Tunica externa - the outer protective connective tissue layer, and larger veins have longitudinal muscle.

Front 7

What are the structural differences between veins and artery walls?

Why?

Back 7

1. A/V have similar 3 layers, but relative thicknesses are different.

2. Veins have valves, have larger lumen and smooth muscle.

3. Arteries contain elastic lamellae

Why? Their structure reflects their function!

Front 8

What is the difference between elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles?

Back 8

The elastic arteries have greater elastic laminae for recoil and conduction, while the muscular arteries are for distributing.

Front 9

What four arteries supply the brain?

Back 9

Common carotids - L/R

Vertebral arteries - L/R

Front 10

What is the circle of Willis and what is its function?

Back 10

The circle of Willis is an anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica.

If one artery becomes blocked, then the other arteries can still supply the same tissue.

Front 11

What are two major carotid branches?

Back 11

1. Anterior and middle cerebral arteries that feed the brain.

2. Ophthalmic artery

Front 12

What are the three main branches of the thoracic aorta?

Back 12

Right subclavian A

Internal thoracic A

Anterior intercostal

Front 13

What are the three unpaired arteries that supply the GI and spleen?

Back 13

1. Celiac artery

2. Superior mesenteric artery

3. Inferior mesenteric artery

Front 14

What are the three paired arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta?

Back 14

Suprarenal arteries

Renal arteries

gonadal arteries

Front 15

Why do small and med veins contain valves?

Back 15

Because they have a low blood pressure, there needs to be valves, infolds of the tunica intima, to prevent backflow of blood.

Front 16

What is the structure and function of the lymphatic system?

Back 16

The lymphatic system has the lymph fluid transported in lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs - thymus lymph nodes tonsils and spleen.

Its purpose is to return excess ISF to the circulation, transport lipids and as part of the immune system.

Front 17

What is key role of lymphatic capillaries over blood vessels?

Back 17

They are more permeable that blood capillaries.

Front 18

Where are lymphatic capillaries not located?

Back 18

1. CNS

2. Bone and bone marrow

3. Cartilage

4. Epidermis

5. Inner ear or eye orbit

Front 19

What is the similarity between veins and lymphatic capillaires?

Back 19

They both have valves and travel toward the heart.

Front 20

Why is the lymphatic system important in relation to the cardiovascular system/

Back 20

The lymphatic system and cardiovascular system are combined as one.

Front 21

What are three main properties of cardiac muscle cells?

Back 21

Branched cells

Interconnected

Joined at intercalated discs

99% contractile

Front 22

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 22

SA Node

Front 23

What prevents AP from travelling directly from atria to ventricles? Why is this important?

Back 23

There is non-conductive tissue between them that prevents APs from stimulating ventricles at the same time as the atria.

It allows the atria to contract first, then ventricles.

Front 24

Why is it important that the atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time?

Front 25

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

Back 25

The link between AP and muscle contraction - done by influx of Ca2+ ions during a plateau phase, induced by a larger influx of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic recticulum.

Front 26

Autorhythmic cells

Front 27

Cardiac Output

Back 27

HR x SV = the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each contraction per minute.

Front 28

End diastolic volume

Back 28

The volume of blood in a ventricle at end of diastole

Front 29

End systolic volume

Back 29

The volume of blood in each ventricle after systole.

Front 30

Venous return

Back 30

The volume of blood that returns to the heart per minute,

Increasing VR, increases EDV, cardiac muscle stretch and a stronger contraction.

Front 31

How does the Frank-Starling law affect stroke volume?

Back 31

Increasing the venous return causes the EDV to increase and stretching the cardiac muscle.

Stretching the cardiac muscle cells produces a more optimum overlap between thick and thin filaments, leading to a stronger contraction.

Front 32

Describe each of the factors that AID venous return?

Back 32

1. Cardiac suction

2. Skeletal muscle pump

3. Venous valves

4. Sympathetic nervous system

Front 33

Explain the baroreceptor reflex?

Back 33

The baroreceptor reflex occurs when it detects a fall in blood pressure by the DROP in RECEPTOR POTENTIALS. This causes a DECREASED rate of firing in AFFERENT NERVES and is sent to the CARDIOVASCULAR CENTRE.

This stimulates a sympathetic response to increase cardiac nerve activity, vasoconstrictor nerve activity and decrease the parasympathetic nerve activity.

Then there is an increase in HR, SV and venous vasoconstriction, therefore a higher CO and TPR. After some time, the blood pressure is now increased to normal.

Front 34

Draw a flow chart of the changes that occur in the cardiovascularsystem in response to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in bloodpressure.

Back 34

See notes :)

Front 35

What are baroreceptors and where are they located?

Back 35

Baroreceptors are the mechanoreceptors that respond to stretch and are located within the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. These monitor the blood flow to the brain systemic circulation.

Front 36

Listand describe the organs of the urinary system.

Back 36

LECTURE

Front 37

Explainthe functions of the urinary system.

Back 37

LECTURE

Front 38

Describethe anatomy of the kidneys.

Back 38

LECTURE

Front 39

Describethe anatomy and components of a nephron.

Back 39

LECTURE

Front 40

Describe the anatomy and function of the ureters, urinarybladder and urethras.

Back 40

LECUTRE

Front 41

Nameand (if possible) identify the blood vessels that supply the organs of theurinary tract.

Back 41

LECTURE

Front 42

Listthe changes in the urinary system in relation to age.

Back 42

LECTURE

Front 43

Describethe effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the urinarysystem.

Back 43

LECTUR

Front 44

What is the purpose of the kidneys?

Back 44

They filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine.

Front 45

What is the purpose of the ureters?

Back 45

The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder via peristalsis.

Front 46

What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?

Back 46

Storage of urine

Front 47

What is the purpose of the urethra?

Back 47

To transport urine from the bladder to outside of the body.

Front 48

Where do the kidneys sit?

Back 48

Roughly the bottom of your chest to just past your ribcage.

Front 49

What are the four main functions of the kidneys?

Back 49

1. Regulation of blood volume and pressure

2. Regulation of the erythrocyte production via erythropoietin.

3. Regulation of the blood's inorganic ion balance - Na+, potassium and phosphate ions.

4. Acid base balance - through rate changes of H+ ion uptake and ammonium secretion.

Front 50

How are the kidneys held in position?

Back 50

They are NOT attached by ligaments, instead held by adipose capsule.

If adipose tissue melts, then they call become mobile.

Front 51

What are the protective layers around the kidney?

Back 51

1. Renal fascia - dense irregular tissue

2. Adipose capsule - fat

3. Renal capsule - dense connective tissue

Front 52

Is the kidney an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?

Back 52

Retroperitoneal organ because it sits behind the parietal peritoneum.

Front 53

In the kidney anterior view, what order are the three vessels?

Back 53

Vein, artery, ureter

Front 54

Where does the kidney blood supply flow from and to before the renal A/V?

Back 54

In the renal artery from the abdominal aorta, then out the renal vein to the inferior vena cava.

Front 55

What is the artery flow to the kidney?

Back 55

Renal - segmental - interlobar - arcuate - interlobular

Front 56

What are the layers of the ureter?

Back 56

1. Mucosa - stretchy epithelium

2. Muscularis - 2 muscle layers: inner longitudinal and outer circular in peristalic waves to propel urine.

3. Adventina - areolar connective tissue

Front 57

Is the urinary bladder inside or outside the peritoneum?

Back 57

Retroperitoneal

Front 58

Where is the base of the bladder in females?

Back 58

Inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina.

Front 59

What is the trigone?

Back 59

It is the triangular area of the bladder between the two posterior urethral openings and the anterior urethral openings.

Front 60

What are the four tunics that form the wall of the bladder?

Back 60

Mucosa, submucosa, musclaris and adventitia

Front 61

What is the function of the trigone?

Back 61

The trigone acts as a funnel for urine into the urethra as the bladder wall contracts.

Front 62

What are the parasympathetic axons?

Back 62

Pelvic splanchnic nerves that come from the spinal cord; their purpose is to stimulate urination.

Front 63

The sympathetic axons are...

Back 63

segments of the spinal cord as inhibit micturition.

Front 64

What are the functions of the nephron?

Back 64

Filtration, reabsorption or secretion

Front 65

What are kidney functions?

Back 65

To regulate the extracellular fluid, maintain acid-base balance, for waste disposal and hormone production.

Front 66

How do the kidneys regulate the ECF?

Front 67

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

Back 67

Erythropoietin, renin and vitamin D activation

Front 68

What is a nephron?

Back 68

A functional unit of the kidneys that contain the renal corpuscle and tubule.

Front 69

What sections does the fluid progress through in the nephron?

Back 69

First, the renal corpuscle, then through the proximal convoluted tubule, then around the nephron loop and out the distal convoluted tubule.

Front 70

What is the renal corpuscle?

Back 70

The direct site of blood filtration by fluid pressurized from the capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

Front 71

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 71

The primary site of filtrate reabsorption (60-70%), such as glucose, salts and water.

Front 72

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 72

The last minute HORMONALLY controlled reabsorption of water and Na+

Front 73

What is glomerular filtration?

Back 73

The non-discriminant filtration of a protein-free plasma from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.

Front 74

What is tubular reabsorption?

Back 74

The selective movement of filtered substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries, roughly 20% glomerulus plasma.

Front 75

What is tubular secretion?

Back 75

The selective movement of non-filtered substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen, roughly 80% of glomerulus plasma.

Front 76

Where does the peritubular capillary attach?

Back 76

From the glomerulus to the venous system, carrying non-filtered plasma.

Front 77

How do we make urine?

Back 77

By the three stages of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

Front 78

What is the filtration glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

Back 78

It is the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, about 50mmHg.

Front 79

What forces make up the hydrostatic pressure?

Back 79

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and the capsular hydrostatic pressure

Front 80

What is the net filtration pressure??

Back 80

The forces favouring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration

Front 81

Draw the diagram that shows the factors controlling glomerular filtration, with labels.

Back 81

Front 82

What is the GFR?

Back 82

The glomerular filtration rate = the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute, averages around 125 ml/min.

Front 83

What will change the GFR?

Back 83

ANYTHING that changes the net filtration pressure.

Front 84

How do we control GFR?

Back 84

By adjusting the glomerular hydrostatic pressure:

1. Arteriolar vasoconstriction decreases the GFR

2. Arteriolar vasodilation increases the GFR.

Front 85

What is reabsorption?

Back 85

The selective movement of substances into the blood where out of 180 L/day of plasma filtered, there is 178.5 L/day reabsorbed.

Front 86

Where are the three locations for reabsorption of filtrate?

Back 86

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Front 87

What are the five barriers that must be crossed during transepithelial transport?

Back 87

The luminal membrane

the cytosol

the basolateral cell membrane

the interstital fluid

the capillary wall

Front 88

What is transepithelial transport?

Back 88

The five barriers that a substance must cross to travel from the filtrate to the plasma.