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288 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spontaneous generation
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the formation of living organisms from nonliving material
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microbe
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a microscopic organism
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logical reasoning
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the process of arriving at a solution through a series of ordered steps
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model
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an explanation or representation of how something works
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science
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a body of facts that man has repeatedly observed about the physical universe around him
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research
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an investigation into a topic often carried on by reading, inquiry, or scientific observation
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hypothesis
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an educated guess about the solution to a problem
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controlled experiment
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an experiment testing two identical groups for a single variable
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survey
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a scientific study used to determine what exists or what is a common practice in an area
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data
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the recorded information from an experiment or survey
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independent variable
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the variable in a controlled experiment that is manipulated by the researcher
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dependent variable
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the variable in a controlled experiment that shows the effect of the treatment
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biogenesis
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the concept that life comes only from pre-existing life
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bias
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a preference or inclination in thinking, especially a belief that causes one to be partial
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workability
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a characteristic of scientific knowledge that allows its practical application
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pure science
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knowledge gained through scientific activities
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applied science
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the use of pure science to solve practical problems
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biology
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the science that deals with the living organisms and vital life processes
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internal movement
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an attribute of life that includes movement of fluids, organs, and even structures within a cell
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assimilation
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the conversion of nutrients into living cells
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reproduction
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the formation of another organism that has characteristics and limitations similar to the original
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variation
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the differences between individual organisms of the same kind
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organic
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naturally derived from living organisms
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inorganic
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describing objects that are not alive and that have never been alive
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irritability
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the ability to respond to changes in the environment
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food
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organic, energy-containing substances required by all living things
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life
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a highly organized cellular condition that is derived from pre-existing life and that faces death
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microscope
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a scientific instrument that magnifies objects for more detailed study
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objective
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the part of a light microscope that is near the specimen and contains lenses
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stage
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the flat surface of a microscope on which a slide or specimen is placed
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reflection
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the image caused by light rays bouncing off an object
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refraction
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the bending of a light ray when it passes from one medium to another at an oblique angle
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resolution
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the characteristic that allows a microscope to form a clear image of detailed structures
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions
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atom
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the smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or combination
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neutron
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the non-charged particle in an atoms nucleus
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electron
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the part of an atom that has a negative charge and that moves in a shell-like orbit around the nucleus
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ion
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an atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge as a result of losing or gaining an electron
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proton
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a particle in an atom that has a positive charge
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ionic bond
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a chemical bond between ions of opposite charge
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covalent bond
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a chemical bond formed between atoms as a result of sharing a pair of electrons
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molecule
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the smallest possible unit of a substance that consists of two or more atoms
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compound
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a substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions
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mixture
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a material that contains two or more substances
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kinetic energy
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the energy of motion
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potential energy
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energy that is stored until being released
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activation energy
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the initial energy necessary to start a chemical reaction
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reactant
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the starting substance of a chemical reaction
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product
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the physical result of a chemical reaction
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catalyst
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a substance that affects the rate of a reaction but is not changed in the reaction
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enzyme
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a protein molecule that is produced by living cells to catalyze specific reactions
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solute
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the dissolved substance in a solution
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solvent
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the substance into which a solute is dissolved
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concentration
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an expression of the proportions of solute to solvent in a solution
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diffusion
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the random movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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polar molecule
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a molecule with charged poles
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semipermeable membrane
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a membrane that is permeable to certain molecules or ions but not others
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acid
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any substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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base
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any substance that released hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water
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pH
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the measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution using values from 0 to 14
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osmosis
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diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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carbohydrate
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an organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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monosaccharide
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a simple sugar
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disaccharide
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a sugar composed of two monosaccharides
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polysaccharide
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a large, complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides
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starch
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a polysaccharide
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cellulose
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chains of glucose molecules
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lipid
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an organic compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents
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saturated
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describing a fatty acid molecule with only single bonds between carbon atoms
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unsaturated
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a fatty acid molecule in which some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other
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protein
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an organic compound that is composed of amino acids
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amino acid
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the basic building block of a protein
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polypeptide
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a chain formed by many peptide bonds, as in the formation of a protein by many amino acids being being bonded by peptide bonds
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nucleic acid
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an organic compound in living cells that is responsible for passing on hereditary information; DNA or RNA
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DNA
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the nucleic acid that is primarily located in the nucleus
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nucleotide
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the basic component of DNA or RNA molecule
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replication
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the process whereby a DNA duplicates itself and forms a new DNA molecule
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RNA
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the type of nucleic acid that forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form protein molecules
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cytology
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the study of cells
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cell theory
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the theory that all living organisms are made up of microscopic units called cells and these cells perform all the functions of all living things
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cell
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the functional and structural unit of life
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unicellular organism
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an organism that consists of only one cell
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tissue
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a group of many similar cells that perform a similar function
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organ
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a group of tissues that perform a specific function
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organ system
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a group of organs that work together to accomplish a life function
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multicellular organism
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an organism that consists of many cells
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eukaryotic cell
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a cell that possesses both organelles and a nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane
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cell membrane
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the cellular membrane that forms the outermost boundary of a cell's cytoplasm and also encloses the membrane-bound organelles within the cell
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cell wall
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a rigid structure manufactured by the cell; located outside the cell membrane; often made of cellulose, silica, or other substances
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cytoplasm
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all the material inside the cell membrane of a cell, excluding the nucleus
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mitochondria
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a membrane-bound organelle responsible for the respiration of foods to release usable energy
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ribosome
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a non-membrane bound organelle associated with protein formation
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a cellular structure consisting of a complex network of fine, branching tubules ad interconnected folded membranes
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lysosome
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a membrane-bound organelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes
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flagellum
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long tubular extensions of a cell's membrane that aids in movement
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cilia
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one of the numerous extensions of a cell membrane; aids in movement
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nucleus
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the region of a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes
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vacuole
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a membrane-bound organelle in a cell; stores materials
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organelle
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a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function
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prokaryotic cell
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a cell that lacks a nuclear membrane and has only non-membrane-bound organelles
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nucleolus
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a spherical body in the nucleus that has a high concentration of RNA and proteins
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chromatin material
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a complex DNA and surrounding proteins found within the cell's nucleus
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chloroplast
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an organelle that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis
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homeostasis
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the equilibrium or "steady state" that every living organism must maintain
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isotonic solution
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a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cytoplam of living cells
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hypotonic solution
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a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than in the cytoplasm of living cells
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hypertonic solution
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a solution in which the concentration of solutes is more than in the cytoplasm of living cells
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passive transport
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the movement of substances through a cellular membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy
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active transport
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the movement of molecules across cellular membranes against the concentration gardient
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phagocytosis
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the process of a cell engulfing a substance
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autotroph
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an organism that is able to make it's own food
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heterotroph
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an organism that depends on other organisms for food
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ATP
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a compound that serves as a temporary energy storage molecule in all cells
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photosynthesis
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the process whereby simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorophyll
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chlorophyll
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the green pigment of plant cells that is necessary for photosynthesis
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chemosynthesis
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a process whereby certain organisms obtain cellular energy from the breakdown of inorganic chemicals
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cellular respiration
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the breakdown of foods to release energy
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aerobic
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requiring oxygen
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anaerobic
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not requiring oxygen
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metabolism
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the sum of all reaction that occur in a living organism
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codon
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a triplet of bases that forms the code for a particular amino acid on the mRNA
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mRNA
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the RNA molecule that carries the code for a polypeptide chain from the DNA
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tRNA
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the RNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis
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anticodon
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the triplet of nucleotides on tRNA that will pair with the codon of mRNA to line up amino acids during the process of protein synthesis
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exon
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a section of RNA that is kept when forming mRNA
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intron
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a section of RNA that is cut out when forming mRNA
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intracellular digestion
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the breakdown of substances within cells
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extracellular digestion
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the breakdown of substances that occurs in the spaces outside the cells such as within the stomach or intestine
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genetics
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the study of heredity
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gene
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a segment of DNA capable of producing a specific amino acid chain resulting in a particular characteristic
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chromosome
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a strand of DNA entwined with proteins
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centromere
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the attachment point of two sister chromatids
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karyotype
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an illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to their size
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes that have the same kinds of genes in the same order
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diploid
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having homologous pairs of chromosomes
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haploid
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having only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes
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cell cycle
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the repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell
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interphase
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the period of time between cellular divisions
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mitosis
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the duplicating and separating of a cell's chromosomes
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prophase
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the first phase of mitosis; centromeres migrate to poles in the cytoplasm and chromosomes develop from the chromatin material in the nucleus
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metaphase
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the second phase of mitosis; chromosomes migrate along the equatorial plane of the cell
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anaphase
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the third phase of mitosis; paired chromosomes begin to separate and begin to migrate towards opposite poles of the cell
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telophase
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the final phase of mitosis; chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and two distinct nuclei form
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cytokinesis
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the division of the cytoplasm in a dividing cell
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asexual reproduction
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the production of a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and an ovum
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zygote
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a diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes
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meiosis
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cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid state
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gamete
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a haploid cell which can unite with another gamete to form a zygote
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fertilization
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the process of forming a zygote; the union of gametes
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sperm
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a gamete formed by a male; often motile
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ovum
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a gamete formed by a female; usually non-motile and larger that a sperm
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spermatogenesis
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the meiotic process of sperm formation
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oogenesis
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the meiotic process that forms ova
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sexual reproduction
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the union of haploid gametes that results in a diploid zygote that develops into a new individual
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dominant trait
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the characteristic that is expressed even in the presence of recessive genes
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recessive trait
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the characteristic that is expressed only in the homozygous recessive condition
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phenotype
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the physical expression of an organism's gene
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an individual organism
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allele
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one of the pair of genes that have the same position on homologous chromosomes
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homozygous
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having the same two alleles at the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes
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heterozygous
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having two different alleles at the same position on the homologous chromosomes
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punnett square
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a diagram used to visualize genetic crosses
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pedigree
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a diagram that shows the characteristics of several generations of organisms
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incomplete dominance
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the type of inheritance in which the alleles for expressing characteristics are neither dominant nor recessive
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multiple alleles
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the possible arrangement of three or more genes for a trait of a single locus
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sex chromosome
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a special chromosome that determines whether an organism will be male or female
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autosome
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any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
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sex-linked trait
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an inherited characteristic for which there is a gene on the X or Y chromosome but not on the other
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hemophilia
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Bleeder's disease; a genetic disorder in which a blood chemical clotting is not produced
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carrier
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a heterozygous organism that is normal for a trait but has a recessive gene for an undesirable trait and can transmit that gene to offspring
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gene mutation
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changing of the gene itself, which alters the sequence of nucleotide bases within a gene
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euploidy
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a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number for that organism
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polyploidy
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having three or more complete sets of chromosomes
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aneuploidy
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an organism in which the chromosome number is not an exact multiple of the haploid number
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nondisjunction
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a failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis
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down syndrome
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a genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome
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trisomy
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an abnormal condition in which there are three homologous chromosomes in a set instead of two
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mutation
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a random change in a DNA molecule
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deletion
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a mutation involving the loss of a segment of chromosome during replication
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point mutation
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a gene mutation involving only one or a few nucleotides
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frame shift
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a DNA mutation in which a nucleotide or nucleotides are taken or added to the chain so that the subsequent codons are read incorrectly
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mutagen
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a substance that induces mutation
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somatic mutation
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a mutation that affects only body cells
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germ mutation
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a mutation that affects only the gamete producing cells
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gene expression
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the activation of a gene that results in its transcription and the production of a specific protein
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cellular differentiation
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the specialization of cells that occurs during embryological development under the control of proteins
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tumor
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an abnormal growth of cells
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benign
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describing abnormal cellular growth most often characterized by localized; non-aggressive
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malignant
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characterized by rapid and chaotic growth; often fatal
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carcinogen
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a cancer-causing substance
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cancer
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a disorder in which the cell is unable to control cell division
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population
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all the members of the same type of living thing within an area
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gene pool
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the sum of all the alleles that every member of a species' population could posses at a given time
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variation
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the differences between individual organisms of the same kind; differences based on genotype; expression of different individual characteristics in organisms of the same kind
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mass selection
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the method for selecting breeding stock in which only desirable organisms are selected
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hybridization
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the crossbreeding of two genetically unrelated individuals
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inbreeding
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the mating of closely related organisms
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eugenics
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the science that deals with improvement of the human race by applying principles of genetics
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genetic screening
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medical and non-medical methods used to find information on an individual's genetic makeup
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worldview
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the belief system that a person uses to interpret and understand the world around him
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secular
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free from any religious influences or beliefs
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scientism
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the belief that science is the only way to find truth
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theory of evolution
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a composite of ideas involving the philosophy of evolution, the theory of cosmological beginnings, and the theory of biological evolution
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fossil
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an evidence or remains of an organism preserved in the earth's crust
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apparent age
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a feature of God's creation; man, plants, and animals created in their mature forms; earth created with an appearance of age
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common ancestor
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a hypothetical organism that supposedly gave rise to two or more types of organisms
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artificial selection
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man's controlled breeding of organisms in an attempt to influence characteristics
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abiogenesis
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the concept that life can arise from non-living substances
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survival of the fittest
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part of Darwin's evolutionary theory; only the organisms best suited to their environment will survive
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radiometric dating
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a method of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of radioactive substance that is part of the object
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Neo-Darwinism
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an evolutionary theory proposing that mutations produce variations and that natural selection determines which variations will survive in order to produce biological evolution
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punctuated equilibrium
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the theory that evolution occurs rapidly for a period of time followed by a long period of non-evolving before another period of rapid evolution
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homologous structure
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organs that are similar in structure between two organisms
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vestigial structure
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an organ that supposedly no longer has any function
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theistic evolution
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the interpretation of the Bible according to evolutionary theories; God supposedly used evolution for creation
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day-age (long day) theory
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an attempt to interpret the days of Genesis 1 as ages rather than as literal 24-hour days
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intelligent design
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a movement that asserts that living things show evidence of design that cannot be totally explained by the random processes of Darwinian evolution
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irreducible complexity
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a tenet of the intelligent design movement claiming that many structures and processes in living things have so many interdependent parts and steps in their actions that they could not operate unless all the components were preset simultaneously in their finished state
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specified complexity
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a tenet of the intelligent design movement attempting to show whether a particular structure or process is truly the result of design
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antediluvian
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before the flood
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deluge fossil formational theory
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the belief that most fossils were formed by the Genesis flood
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topography
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land features
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taxonomy
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the science of classifying organisms
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biological species
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a population of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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binomial nomenclature
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a system of naming organisms in which each organism is given a genus and species name
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speciation
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the process by which new species develop
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migration
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the movement of an organism from one location to another
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adaptation
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any inheritable characteristic that gives a survival advantage to the organism
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phylogenetic tree
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a diagram that demonstrates the supposed stages of evolution
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clade
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a group of related organisms, usually depicted as a branch on a phylogenetic tree
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bacterium
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an extremely small, unicellular, prokaryotic organism found in the kingdom Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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diseases
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any change, except those caused by injury, that affects an organism's normal function
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binary fission
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a method of asexual reproduction in which the nuclear material is copied and the parent cell divides into two equal cells
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conjugation
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a temporary union of two organisms or cells for the one way transfer of genetic material
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endospore
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an asexual spore that forms within a bacteria
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virus
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a submicroscopic, noncellular particle, composed of a nucleic acid core and a protein coat called a capsid
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retrovirus
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a special type of RNA virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase
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bacteriophage
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a virus that parasitizes a bacterial cell
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prion
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an abnormal form of protein found in some cells and linked to disease
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interferon
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a protein substance or substances that produced by cells exposed to viruses; acts to slow the spread of a virus
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infectious disease
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a disease caused by a pathogen
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toxin
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a poisonous substance produced by a bacterium, another microorganism, or a plant or animal cell
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antibody
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a protein substance produced to eliminate antigens that have entered the body
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antibiotic
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a chemical produced by living organisms that naturally kills or inhibits the growth of other organisms
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disorder
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an affliction that is not caused by a pathogen
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protist
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a member of the kingdom Protista; eukaryotic but not a true animal, plant, or fungus
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protozoan
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a member of the kingdom Protista that exhibits animal-like characteristics
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pseudopodium
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a cytoplasmic extension of a cell; used for locomotion or engulfing substances
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algae
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an organism in one of the seven primarily photosynthetic phyla of kingdom Protista
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phytoplankton
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plankton that are photosynthetic organisms
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diatom
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one of the unicellular algae, has silicon in its cells
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slime mold
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a fungus-like protist that is classified as neither a cellular or plasmodial species
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mycorrhizae
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symbiotic relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots
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hyphae
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one of the slender filaments that composes the mycelium of a fungus
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mycelium
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one of the hyphae in a fungal organism
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fruiting body
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the spore-producing reproductive structure of a slime mold
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yeast
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a unicellular fungus from the phylum Ascomycota that reproduces asexually by budding
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budding
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a type of asexual reproduction in which portions from the parent organism form a new individual
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gill
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the thin, spore producing membrane of certain fungi
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lichen
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a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium living in a symbiotic relationship
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vascular tissue
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the group of tissues that conduct water and dissolved minerals in a plant
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seeds
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a mature plant ovule that consists of an embryo and stored food surrounded by a coat
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frond
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a leaf of a fern or palm
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gymnosperm
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a non-flowering, seed producing plant
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angiosperm
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a flowering, seed producing plant
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fruit
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a ripened plant ovary with or without seeds
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cotyledon
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the leaf in a seed
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xylem
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a vascular tissue that usually carries water and dissolved foods upward in plants
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phloem
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a vascular tissue that usually carries water and dissolved foods downward in plants
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stoma
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an opening between the guard cells of a plant that permits the exchange of gases
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blade
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the large, flattened are of most leaves
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petiole
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the stalk connecting the blade of the leaf to the stem
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cohesion
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the force that holds molecules of the same substance together
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auxin
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a growth regulating hormone in plants
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tropism
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a growth response of plants
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sepal
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the outermost flower structure
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stamen
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the male reproductive structure of a flower
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pistil
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female organs of a flower
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germination
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the beginning of growth by a seed following a state of dormancy
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polyp
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a sessile, tubular cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disc at the other
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medusa
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the free-swimming, umbrella-shaped stage of the life cycle of cnidarians
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nematocyst
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a stinging cell
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gastropod
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a mollusk from the class Gastropoda
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bivalve
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a mollusk from the class Bivalvia
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cephalopod
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a mollusk from the class Cephalopodia
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nymph
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one of the stages of incomplete metamorphosis in an insect
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pupa
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one of the stages of complete metamorphosis of an insect
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