Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Adaptation. |
The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. |
|
|
What are the three types of Adaptation? |
•Structural •Behavioural •Functional |
|
|
Give examples of what happens in Structural Adaptation. |
•Skin Colour •Shape •Body Coverage |
|
|
Give examples of what happens on Behavioural Adaption? |
•Ways in which an organism behaves in order to survive. |
|
|
What are decomposers? |
The organism that breaks down the dead material. |
|
|
What do Decomposers need to break down waste? |
•Oxygen •Moisture •A suitable temperature •A suitable pH level |
|
|
What happens if waste is broken down in anaerobic conditions? |
Methane gas is produced. |
|
|
What happens if waste is broken down in anaerobic conditions? |
Methane gas is produced. |
|
|
What is the Required Practical associated with Decomposition? |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What is the carbon cycle? |
It describes how carbon is recycled in nature. It relies on decomposers to return carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through respiration. |
|
|
What is Homeostasis? |
The regulation of internal condition of a cell in response to internal or external changes. |
|
|
What does Homeostasis control? |
•blood-glucose concentration •body temperature •water and ion levels |
|
|
What do control systems consist of? |
•cells called receptors, which detect stimuli (changes in the environment) •coordination centres (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) which receive and process information from the receptors. •effectors (muscles or glands) which bring out responses that restore optimum levels. |
|
|
What is negative feedback? |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What is the optimum temperature for the body? |
37°C, this gives optimum temperature for enzymes to work. |
|
|
What does the thermoregulatory centre in the brain do? |
•monitors and controls body temperature. •has receptors that monitor the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain. •receives information (impulses) from the temperature receptors in the skin. |
|
|
What happens if the body temperature is too high? |
•blood vessels widen, directing more blood to the surface of the skin (vasodilation). •more sweat is produced from the sweat glands and evaporates. •both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy form the skin to the environment. |
|
|
What happens if the body temperature is too low? |
•blood vessels narrow, directing blood away from the surface of the skin (vasoconstriction). •sweating stops. •skeletal muscles uncontrollably contract and relax quickly (shiver), which transfers more heat to the blood. |
|
|
What is the Required Practical associated with the Nervous System and the Eye? |
Back (Definition)
|
|
|
What is the CNS and what does it enable humans to do. |
CNS stands for Central Nervous System. It consists of the Brain and the Spinal Cord. It enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour. It coordinates the response of effectors i.e muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones. |
|
|
What are Reflex Actions? |
Automatic, rapid processes that can protect the body. They don’t involve the conscious part of the brain. |
|
|
What does the brain do, and what does it consist of? |
It controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions. The 3 main regions are: •Cerebral Cortex •Cerebellum •Medulla |
|
|
How are Neuroscientists able to map the regions of the brain to particular functions? |
•Studying patients with brain damage. •Electrically Stimulating different parts of the brain. •using MRI scanning techniques. |
|
|
What does the eye consist of? |
•The retina (receptor cells that are sensitive to the brightness and colour of light). •The optic nerve (carries impulses from retina to the brain). •Sclera (tough outer layer of the eye, has a transparent region at the front called the cornea). •The iris (controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light that reaches the retina). •Ciliary Muscles and Suspensory Ligaments (change the shape of the lens to focus light onto the retina). |
|
|
How are the two common eye defects treated? |
•Contact Lenses •Laser Eye Surgery (changes shape of cornea) •Replacement of Eye Lenses |
|
|
How do you resolve the two common eye defects? |
•Contact Lenses •Laser Eye Surgery (changes the shape of the cornea) •Replacement of Eye Lenses |
|
|
What do the three main regions of the brain control? |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What is the Endocrine System? |
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. |
|
|
What is Water Balance? |
When water leaves the body. (E.G - lungs during breathing, sweating, urination). |
|
|
What causes Water Balance to occur? |
If the concentration of blood changes, then body cells will lose or gain too much water by osmosis. The balance of water and ions in the body is regulated by kidneys. This also excretes urea (a waste product that is produced by the liver from the breakdown of proteins and contains nitrogen). |
|
|
What is deamination? |
In the liver the excess amino acids (produced in the digestion of proteins) are converted to ammonia. Ammonia is toxic, so it is immediately converted to urea and sent to the kidneys for safe excretion. |
|
|
How do the kidneys produce urine? |
1)Filter the blood. 2) Selective Reabsorption if useful substances, such as glucose, some ions and water. 3)This leaves urea and excess water and ions to form urine. |
|
|
What are Hormones? |
Chemical Messages that are carried in the blood to a target organ where they produce an effect. |
|
|
What does the pituitary gland do? |
Located in the Brian and referred to as the ‘master gland’. It secretes several hormones in response to body conditions. Some of these hormones act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released and bring out other effects. |
|
|
What is adrenaline, and where is it produced? |
•Produced by the adrenal gland. •Produced in times of fear or stress. •It increases heart rate, boosting oxygen delivery and glucose to the brain and muscles. •Prepares the body for ‘flight or fight’. |
|
|
What is Thyroxine and where is it produced? |
•A hormone produced in the thyroid gland. •It increases metabolic rate, controls growth and development in young animals, is controlled by negative feedback. |
|
|
What monitors and controls the Blood-Glucose concentration? |
The Pancreas |
|
|
What happens if the Blood-Glucose Concentration is too high? |
•Pancreas releases more hormonal insulin. •Insulin causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. •In Liver and Muscle cells, excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage. |
|
|
What happens if the Blood-Glucose Concentration is too low? |
•Pancreas releases Glycogen. •Glucagon stimulates Glycogen to be converted into Glucose and released into the blood (This is an example of negative feedback). |
|
|
What is Type 1 Diabetes? |
A disorder that is caused by the pancreas failing to produce sufficient insulin. This results in uncontrolled high Blood-Glucose levels. Treated with insulin injections. |
|
|
What is Type 2 Diabetes? |
A disorder caused by the body cells being unresponsive to insulin. This increases the likelihood of being obese. It is treated with a carbohydrate-controlled diet and regular exercise. |
|
|
What hormone controls the body’s water level? |
ADH, it is released from the pituitary gland when blood is too concentrated. It passes, in the blood, to the kidney tubules where it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood. |
|
|
What is Kidney Dialysis? |
A machine used in the treatment of a patient with kidney failure. It takes over the role of the kidneys, removing waste products from the blood three times a week. |
|
|
What is Oestrogen? |
The main female sex hormone produced in the ovaries. |
|
|
What is ovulation? |
The process in which eggs begin to mature and be released. |
|
|
What is Testosterone? |
The main male sex hormone, produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production. |
|
|
What happens after puberty for the two sexes? |
• Men produce sperm continuously. • Women have the menstrual cycle. |
|
|
What are the Four Hormones involved in the control of the Menstrual Cycle? |
•Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), produced in the Pituitary Gland. Causes eggs to mature in the ovaries in the first part of the cycle. •Oestrogen, produced in the Ovaries. Inhibits FSH release, stimulates LH release. Makes the lining of the uterus grow again after menstruation. •Luteinising Hormone (LH), produced in the Pituitary Gland, stimulates the release of the egg from ovaries (ovulation). •Progesterone, produced by empty follicle in the ovaries. Maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. Inhibits both FSH and LH release. |
|
|
Graph representing Hormone Release in the Menstrual Cycle. |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What are the two main methods of Reducing Fertility? |
•Hormonal Methods •Non-Hormonal Methods |
|
|
What are the Hormonal Methods of Reducing Fertility? |
•Oral Contraceptives (The combined pill). Contains Oestrogen and Progesterone, which inhibits FSH production, preventing eggs from being released. •Injections, Implants or Skin patches, release Progesterone to stop the release of eggs for a number of months or years. |
|
|
What are the Non-Hormonal methods of Reducing Fertility. |
•Barrier Methods, like condoms. •Intrauterine Devices, prevent Embryos from implanting in the Uterus. •Spermicidal Creams, kill or disable sperm. •Not having sex when an egg may be in the oviduct. •Sterilisation through Surgical Procedures. |
|
|
What are the two ways of Increasing Fertility. |
•Fertility Drug. •In Virto Fertilisation (IVF). |
|
|
What are the two ways of Increasing Fertility. |
•Fertility Drug. •In Virto Fertilisation (IVF). |
|
|
What is the Fertility Drug? |
A drug which contains FSH and LH which aid in the stimulation of egg maturity. |
|
|
What is the In Virto Fertilisation (IVF) procedure? |
•Giving a woman FSH and LH to stimulate the growth of many eggs. •Collecting the eggs from the woman. •Fertilising the eggs with sperm from the father in the laboratory. •Inserting one of two embryos into the woman’s uterus. |
|
|
What are the disadvantages of IVF? |
•It is mentally and emotionally stressful. •Low success rates. •Can lead to multiple births, which risks both the mothers and babies life. |
|
|
How do plants respond to their external environment? |
•Roots and Shoots growing towards or away a particular stimulus. •Plants flowering at a particular time. •Ripening of fruits. |
|
|
What is Tropism? |
When a part of a plant responds by growing in a particular direction. |
|
|
What are the two types of tropism? |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What controls Tropisms? |
Auxins. |
|
|
What are Auxins? |
A group of growth hormones produced in plants. |
|
|
What are Gibberellins? |
A group of plant hormones that imitate seed germination. |
|
|
What is Ethene? |
A gas and also a plant hormone. Controls cell division and ripening of fruits. |
|
|
What is the Required Practical associated with Plant Hormones? |
Back (Definition) |
|
|
What are Auxins used for? |
•Weed Killers (causes them to grow so fast they use yo their food reserves and die). •As rooting powders (make cuttings produce roots when they’re planted). •Promote growth in tissue culture. |
|
|
When is Ethene used? |
In the food industry to control ripening of fruit during storage and transport. |
|
|
When are Gibberellins used? |
•End seed dormancy, makes seeds germinate. •Promote flowering, able to flower plants according to demand. •Increase fruit size. |
|
|
What is Asexual Reproduction? |
Mitosis
Reproduction involving only one parent, there’s no mixing of genes as there’s no fusion of gametes. Therefore it produces genetically identical offspring. Examples of this include Strawberries that send out long shoots called runners which touch the ground and grow a new plant. |
|
|
What is Sexual Reproduction? |
Meiosis The fusion of male and female gametes. This leads to a mix of genetic information, which produces variation in the offspring. |
|
|
What are the Advantages of Sexual Reproduction? |
•Variation Of Offspring •If the environment changes, variation will help the species survive. •It allows humans to selectively breed plants and animals, and increase food production. |
|
|
What are the Advantages of Asexual Reproduction? |
•Only one parent is needed. •More time and energy efficient. •Faster than Sexual Reproduction. •Many identical offspring can be produced to make the best of optimum conditions. |
|
|
What can Reproduce both Asexually and Sexually? |
•Many plants (seed production is Sexual). •Many fungi (spores via Sexual and Asexual). •Malaria Parasites (Sexually in the mosquito as well as Asexually in humans). |
|
|
What is DNA? |
The chemical substance that makes up the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell. |
|
|
What are Chromosomes? |
What the DNA is contained on. |
|
|
What is a Gene? |
A small section of DNA on a chromosome. |
|
|
What is a Genome? |
The entire genetic material of an organism. |
|
|
What is a Genome? |
The entire genetic material of an organism. |
|
|
What important uses do Genomes have? |
•Doctors can search for genes linked to disorders. •Helps scientists understand the cause of inherited disorders and how to treat them. •Scientists can see how humans may have changed over time and even how ancient populations may have migrated. |
|
|
What is DNA made from? |
A Polymer made from Nucleotides. |
|
|
What is DNA made from? |
A Polymer made from Nucleotides. |
|
|
What do all Nucleotides consist of? |
•A sugar. •A phosphate. •A base (A, C, G, T). |
|
|
What is DNA made from? |
A Polymer made from Nucleotides. |
|
|
What do all Nucleotides consist of? |
•A sugar. •A phosphate. •A base (A, C, G, T). |
|
|
What are the Nucleotide Base Pairs? |
A-T C-G |
|
|
How are Proteins Synthesised on Ribosomes? |
Using a template that has been taken from the DNA and carried out of the nucleus. |
|
|
What happens when the Protein Chain is finished when Making Amino Acids? |
It folds up to form a unique shape. |
|
|
What does the unique shape of the Protein Chain when Making Proteins allow? |
The Proteins to do all their job as Enzymes, Hormones or Structural Proteins (e.g Collagen). |
|
|
What is a Mutation? |
A change in DNA structure. |
|
|
What causes a Mutation to occur? |
If the bases in the DNA are changed. This may alter the order of Amino Acids in the Protein coded for the Gene. |
|
|
Do most Mutations alter the Protein Chains? |
No, they either do not alter it at all or they alter it only slightly so that it still works. |
|
|
What Mutations cause the Protein Chain to have a different shape? |
•If it is an Enzyme, then the substrate may no longer fit into the active site. •If it is a Structural Protein, it may lose its strength. |
|
|
What Mutations cause the Protein Chain to have a different shape? |
•If it is an Enzyme, then the substrate may no longer fit into the active site. •If it is a Structural Protein, it may lose its strength. |
|
|
When a Mutation occurs what happens to the Non-Coding Parts of DNA? |
It may affect how the genes are expressed. They can switch genes on/off so they cannot make specific Proteins. |
|
|
What can increase the rate of having Mutations occur? |
Certain Chemicals and High-Energy Radiation. |
|
|
Are all Mutations negative? |
No. Very occasionally a Mutation may occur that is useful. Without this evolution by natural selection may not happen. |
|
|
Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he do? |
Gregor Mendel was a Scientist in the early 1900s. He discover that characteristics are determined by ‘units’ (genes) that are inherited and they do not blend together. Other scientists realised that Chromosomes and ‘units’ behaved in the same way, and they discovered that the ‘units’ were located in the Chromosomes. |
|
|
Why was Mendel’s discovery not recognised during his lifetime? |
•He was a monk in a monastery, not a scientist at a university. •He did not publish his work in a well-known book. |
|
|
What are some Modern Ideas about Genes? |
•Each gene may have different alleles. •An individual has two alleles for each gene, one from the mother and the other from the father. •The combination of alleles present in a gene is called the genotype. •How the alleles are expressed is called the phenotype. •Alleles can be dominant or recessive. •If two alleles present are the same, the person is homozygous for that gene. •If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous. |
|
|
What is a Genotype? |
The combination of present alleles in a gene. |
|
|
What is the Phenotype? |
How the alleles are expressed. |
|
|
What happens if some mine is homozygous in a gene? |
The two presents alleles are the same. |
|
|
What happens if someone is heterozygous in a gene? |
The present alleles are different. |
|
|
What is Monohybrid Inheritance? |
The pattern of inheritance shown when a characteristic is controlled by a single gene. |
|
|
What are Punnett Squares used to predict? |
The outcome of a Monohybrid cross. |
|
|
What is Polydactyly and how is it caused? |
A Genetic Disorder in which someone has extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele. |
|
|
What are some Modern Ideas about Genes? |
•Each gene may have different alleles. •An individual has two alleles for each gene, one from the mother and the other from the father. •The combination of alleles present in a gene is called the genotype. •How the alleles are expressed is called the phenotype. •Alleles can be dominant or recessive. •If two alleles present are the same, the person is homozygous for that gene. •If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous. |
|
|
What is a Genotype? |
The combination of present alleles in a gene. |
|
|
What is the Phenotype? |
How the alleles are expressed. |
|
|
What happens if some mine is homozygous in a gene? |
The two presents alleles are the same. |
|
|
What happens if someone is heterozygous in a gene? |
The present alleles are different. |
|
|
What is Monohybrid Inheritance? |
The pattern of inheritance shown when a characteristic is controlled by a single gene. |
|
|
What are Punnett Squares used to predict? |
The outcome of a Monohybrid cross. |
|
|
What is Polydactyly and how is it caused? |
A Genetic Disorder in which someone has extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele. |
|
|
What is Cystic Fibrosis and how is it caused? |
A Genetic Disorder in which someone produces too much mucus and it floods the organs. It is caused by a recessive allele. |
|
|
According to one’s Chromosomes, how would you determine their sex? |
In females, the two sex Chromosomes are identical (XX). In Males, the two sex Chromosomes are different (XY). |
|
|
How does one inherit their Sex Chromosomes? |
One is from the mother (X) and one is from the father (X or Y). |
|
|
What is Variation? |
The differences in characteristics of individuals. |
|
|
What is Variation? |
The differences in characteristics of individuals. |
|
|
What causes Variation? |
•The genes individuals have inherited. If there is a Mutation that gives the individual a greater chance of survival then natural selection will occur. •The environment the individuals have been developed in. |
|
|
What is Evolution? |
The gradual change in the genes of a population over time. This may lead to the formation of a new species. |
|
|
What is Evolution? |
The gradual change in the genes of a population over time. This may lead to the formation of a new species. |
|
|
What is Natural Selection? |
The survival of individual organisms that are best adapted to their environment. |
|
|
What is Evolution? |
The gradual change in the genes of a population over time. This may lead to the formation of a new species. |
|
|
What is Natural Selection? |
The survival of individual organisms that are best adapted to their environment. |
|
|
When Darwin went on an expedition around the world, what did he conclude? |
•There was a struggle for existence. •More organisms are born than can survive. •The ones that survive and breed are the best-suited to the environment. •They pass on their characteristics to their offspring. •Over long periods of time the characteristics of populations change. |
|
|
What pushed Darwin to publish his ideas about Evolution? |
In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace suggested a similar theory. In 1859 he published “On the Origin of Species”. |
|
|
Why was there controversy over Darwin’s ideas? |
•The theory challengers the idea that God made all organisms that live on Earth. •There wasn’t enough evidence at the time the theory was published. •The mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published. |
|
|
Who made a theory that rivalled Darwin’s theory of Evolution? |
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck made a theory that stated the changes that an organism experiences in its life can be inherited. Now we know that, in most cases, this cannot occur. |
|
|
What evidence do we have to support Darwin’s theory of Evolution? |
•We can confirm (through inheritance and variation) that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. •Change in fossils over time. •The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria can be explained through natural selection. |
|
|
What evidence do we have to support Darwin’s theory of Evolution? |
•We can confirm (through inheritance and variation) that characteristics are passed on to offspring in genes. •Change in fossils over time. •The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria can be explained through natural selection. |
|
|
How are fossils formed? |
•Hard parts of animals that don’t decay easily. •Parts of the animal were unable to decay because a condition was absent. •When parts of the organisms are replaced by other materials as they decay. •As preserves traces of organisms (footprints, burrows and root pathways). |
|
|
What is the issue with scientists using fossils as evidence for Evolution? |
•Many early forms of life were soft bodied which means very few traces have been left behind. •What traces there were left behind may have been destroyed by geological activity. |
|
|
Why are Anti-Biotic Resistant strains of Bacteria evidence of Natural Selection? |
When bacteria reproduces, it reproduces rapidly. If there is a Mutation and it is resistant to antibiotics, it may not be killed. These bacteria survive and reproduce so that the strain develops. |
|
|
What is Selective Breeding? |
The breeding process used by scientists and farmers to produce organisms that show useful characteristics. |
|
|
What steps are involved in Selective Breeding? |
1) Choose the parents that show the desirable characteristic. 2) Breed then together. 3) From the offspring, choose this with the desired characteristic and breed them. 4) Continue over many generations: |
|
|
What are some examples of “desirable characteristics” for Selective Breeding? |
•Disease Resistance. •Animals that produce more meat or milk. •Domestic Dogs with gentle nature. •Large or unusual flowers. |
|
|
What is Genetic Engineering? |
The process of moving a gene from one organism to another. |
|
|
What happens in Genetic Engineering? |
1) Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene. 2) This gene is inserted into a vector. 3) The vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells. |
|
|
What is a Vector? |
An organism that carries a pathogen but doesn’t suffer from the disease. |
|
|
Why are some plants Genetically Engineered? |
•To be resistant to diseases, insects or herbicide attacks. •To produce bigger, better fruits. Plants that have been changed in this way are called Genetically Modified Crops. |
|
|
What Ethical and Cultural issues are associated with Genetically Modified Crops? |
Some people are concerned that it may have long-term effects on populations of wild flowers, insects and humans (if consumed). Also multinational companies may play in this industry setting the price. |
|
|
What are clones? |
Genetically identical individuals. |
|
|
How do you make a clone of a plant? |
By using cuttings of the plant (used often by gardeners), or by using tissue culture (small groups of cells to grow new plants). |
|
|
How do you clone an animal? |
Splitting cells apart from an embryo before it becomes specialised and then transplanting identical embryos into host mothers. |
|
|
How can you use produce clones using adult cells? |
1) Remove nucleus from an unfertilised egg cell. 2) Insert nucleus into adult body cell of organism you want to clone (into empty cell). 3) Stimulate cell to divide by using an electric shock. 4) Allow embryo to develop into a ball of cells. 5) Insert embryo into womb of a surrogate female to continue its development. |
|
|
What is a surrogate female? |
A female that gestates and gives birth to an organism that hasn’t been produced from one of her eggs. |
|
|
What did Linnaeus classify living things into? |
Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species |
|
|
Why were new models of classification were proposed? |
Microscopes had improved, so scientists learnt more about cells. Biochemical process became better understood. |
|
|
What segments are in the three-domain system? |
•Archaea (primitive bacteria, usually living in extreme environments). •Bacteria (true bacteria). •Eukaryota (protists, fungi, plants and animals). |
|
|
What segments are in the three-domain system? |
•Archaea (primitive bacteria, usually living in extreme environments). •Bacteria (true bacteria). •Eukaryota (protists, fungi, plants and animals). |
|
|
What causes Extinction? |
•Changes in the environment over long periods of time. •New predators. •New diseases. •New, more successful competitors. •A single catastrophic event (e.g volcanic eruption) • |
|
|
What are Evolutionary Trees used for? |
To show how organisms are related. |
|
|
What was Alfred Russel Wallace’s theory about Speciation. |
1) Populations become physically isolated from each other. 2) Genetic Variation is present between two populations. 3) Natural Selection operates differently in the two populations. 4) The populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible. Wallace’s theory is supported by recent studies. |
|
|
What is an Ecosystem? |
All the organisms living in a habitat and non-living parts of the habitat. |
|
|
What are the different levels of organisation in an ecosystem? |
•Individual Organisms. •Populations - groups of individuals of the same species. •Communities - Made up of Populations living together. |
|
|
How does competition arise within an Ecosystem? |
When populations fight for resources. |
|
|
What is interdependence? |
When one organism relies on another for a certain resource. |
|
|
What are abiotic factors? |
Non-Living Factors |
|
|
What are Biotic Factors? |
Living Factors |
|
|
What are Food Chains used to represent? |
Feeding relationships in community can be shown. |
|
|
What are Food Chains used to represent? |
Feeding relationships in community can be shown. |
|
|
What are the three types of Consumers? |
•Primary •Secondary •Tertiary |
|
|
What are Food Chains used to represent? |
Feeding relationships in community can be shown. |
|
|
What are the three types of Consumers? |
•Primary •Secondary •Tertiary |
|
|
What is a Producer? |
An Organism that can produce their own food. |
|
|
What are Food Chains used to represent? |
Feeding relationships in community can be shown. |
|
|
What are the three types of Consumers? |
•Primary •Secondary •Tertiary |
|
|
What is a Consumer? |
An Organism that can produce their own food. |
|
|
What is a Primary Consumer? |
A Consumer which eats Producers (Herbivores). |
|
|
What are Secondary Consumers? |
An Organism that eats Primary Consumers and/or Producers (Carnivores and Omnivores). |
|
|
What is a Tertiary Consumer? |
Organisms which eat Secondary Consumers and Producers (Carnivores and Omnivores). |
|
|
What are Trophic Levels? |
The different levels on Food Chains. |
|
|
What are Apex Predators? |
They are Carnivores with No Predators. |
|
|
In Feeding Relationships, what happens in a stable community? |
The numbers of Predators and Prey rise and fall in cycles. |
|
|
What is Biodiversity? |
The variety of all the different species on Earth. |
|
|
What does a High Biodiversity cause? |
It helps Ecosystems to be stable because species depend on each other for food and shelter. |
|
|
What factors out the Earth’s Biodiversity at risk? |
•Availability of Water. •Temperature. •Atmospheric Gases. |
|
|
What Factors affect the Availability of Water, the Temperature and Atmospheric Gases? |
•Changes In Seasons. •Geographic Activity (Volcanic Eruptions/Storms). •Human Interaction. |
|
|
What causes Pollution to occur? |
•In Water, from Sewage, Fertilisers or Toxic Chemicals. •In Air, from Gases (Sulfur Dioxide, which dissolves in the atmosphere to produce Acid Rain). •On Land, from Landfill and Toxic Chemicals (Pesticides and Herbicides, which may be washers from Land into Water. |
|
|
What Decreases the amount of Land available for Animals and Plants? |
Building, Quarrying, Farming, Dumping. |
|
|
What is Deforestation? |
Cutting down Trees and the Destruction of Forests. |
|
|
What is Global Warming? |
The gradual increase in the temperature of the Earth. |
|
|
What are some Biological Consequences of Global Warming? |
•Loss of Habitat, when low-lying areas are Flooded by Rising Sea Levels. •Changes in the Distribution of a Species in affected areas. •Changes to the Migration Pattern of Animals. |
|
|
What steps have been taken to help maintain Biodiversity? |
•Setting up breeding programmes for endangered species. •Protecting Rare Habitats. •Encouraging Farmers to keep margins and hedge growth in fields. •Reducing Deforestation. •Increasing Recycling. |
|
|
What factors make it harder to supply people with food? |
•Increasing Birth Rate. •Changing diets in developing countries. •New Pests and Pathogens. •Changes in Weather. •The cost of Agricultural Supplies increasing. •Conflict. |
|
|
What are the uses of Pyramids of Biomass? |
To compare the amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. |
|
|
What is Biomass? |
The total amount of energy throughout a Food Chain. |
|
|
What factors make it harder to supply people with food? |
•Increasing Birth Rate. •Changing diets in developing countries. •New Pests and Pathogens. •Changes in Weather. •The cost of Agricultural Supplies increasing. •Conflict. |
|
|
What are the uses of Pyramids of Biomass? |
To compare the amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. |
|
|
What is Biomass? |
The total amount of energy throughout a Food Chain. |
|
|
Why are Biomass Pyramids ‘pyramids’? |
Through each level of the pyramid, about 10% of the Biomass is lost. |
|
|
What factors make it harder to supply people with food? |
•Increasing Birth Rate. •Changing diets in developing countries. •New Pests and Pathogens. •Changes in Weather. •The cost of Agricultural Supplies increasing. •Conflict. |
|
|
What are the uses of Pyramids of Biomass? |
To compare the amount of biomass in each level of a food chain. |
|
|
What is Biomass? |
The total amount of energy throughout a Food Chain. |
|
|
Why are Biomass Pyramids ‘pyramids’? |
Through each level of the pyramid, about 10% of the Biomass is lost. |
|
|
What causes losses of Biomass? |
•Some of the food taken in being passed out of the body as faeces. •Large amounts of Glucose are used in respiration. •Lost in Excretion. |
|
|
What is Excretion? |
The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. |
|
|
How can Efficiency of Food Production can be improved? |
•Limiting the movement of the animals. •Controlling the temperature of their surroundings. |
