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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino Acids
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How many amino acids does the human body require to make proteins?
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20
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How many amino acids are made naturally in the body?
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12 are made naturally 8 or 9 are essential
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What are essential amino acids?
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Essential amino acids come from our diet. We get them from meat, eggs, milk, cheese, rice, wheat, corn meal, legumes, soybean guinoa.
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What is a complete protein?
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A complete protein has al essential amino acids.
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What is a polypedtid chain?
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A polypeptid chain is when peptide bonds join three or more amino acids.
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What are the 5 uses of proteins discussed in class?
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A. Energy: used to create ATB
B: Structure: Build bones and muscle. C: Transport: Move substances D. Hormones: Adjust cell activity E. Enzymes: Catalyst speed up rxn, maintains homeostasis. |
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What are enzymes?
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Chemical reactions in cells require a class of proteins called enzymes, which make reactions take place faster then they would on their own. The enzyme can chemically recognize a substitute, bind it, change it in some way, they are specific to their substrates.
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8) True or false: When an enzyme binds its substrate, it fits as a “lock and key”, because the charge distribution of amino acids in the active site match surface charges on the substrate molecule.
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True
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What are three ways that protein gets denatured in the body?
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If the temperature or Ph exceeds a proteins tolerance, its hydrogen bonds break, polypeptide chains unwind or change shape, and the protein no longer functions.
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What chemical bonds hold all proteins in their 3-dimensional folded shapes? Are these strong or weak bonds?
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Their polypeptide chains are joined by weak interactions (hydrogen bonds) and sometimes by covelant bonds between sulfur atoms or R groups. These bonds between two sulfur atoms are called disulfide bridges.
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Understand what albinism is and why melanin is important in the body. In which cells are melanin pigment molecules found? What happens if one or several enzymes in a metabolic pathway do not function correctly?
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Melanin production is pigment ins skin, hair, and eyes provides UV protection. Albino is the result of the breakdown in melanin mettablic pathway, gentle condition at least 1 enzyme in pathway isn't functioning.
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True or false: Maintaining proper protein folding is essential because it maintains the specificity of the active site?
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True
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Describe how protein is made in the cell. What is transcription and where does it occur? What is mRNA? How does it function in protein synthesis? Where does the mRNA go? What is a ribosome? Where does translation of the mRNA occur? What happens in the rough endoplasmic reticulum? How does the new protein get from the rough ER to the Golgi body? What happens in the Golgi body? What are secretory vesicles?
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Transcription, molecules of RNA are assembled on DNA templates in nucleus. mRNA is a linear of nucleotides that carries protein-building instructions, this "code" is delivered to the ribosomesfor translation int oa polypeptide chain, it is the messenger RNA. Ribosome is the cell structure at which amino acids are strung together to form the polypeptide chains of proteins. An intact tibosome consists of two subunits each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein molecules. Translation for mRNA molecules move from nucleus to cytoplasm . Transfer RNA (+RNA) another nucleic acid chain that can pick up specific amino acid and pair with an mRNA code word for that amino acid. In rough ER, hasribosomes in membrane, mRNA finds a ribosome: the mRNA translated into protein: when protein is inside R(unlegible letter)R is further folded into a 3-D structure. Protein travels to the end of the ER to secretory vesicles, budded off from bottom to ER. Protein travels through cytoskeleton to golgibody in which it finishes its 3D shape. If vesicle is meant to leave cell, it is given a glycoprotein tag.
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Use Sickle cell anemia as an example of how one mutation can lead to a devastating condition?
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In sickle cell disease there is a change in primary structure. A slight change in primary structure can effect a proteins structure and ability to function. Results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.
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What is Tay Sachs disease? What is the name for the enzyme that is not functional in these individuals? What specific population is the disease common? Which organelle requires this enzyme to function properly, and what are the consequences to the body if they do not function properly.
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Tay Sachs- A genetic disorder that results from 1 amino acid being used in pase of another. Digestive enzyme is for lipid digestion. Eastern European Jews suffer. It needs Hexoaminodate HexA to function. Digestic lipids build up around the axon so the messages stop and dont feed synapses within a year baby dies. Genetic counseling
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What is a pathogen? What are the major groups of organisms that have pathogens? Give an example of each.
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A pathogen is an infection, disease - causing agent, such as a virus or bacterium. Bacteria: Gonorrhea Virus: Ebola
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Bacteria are ancient cells, and among the first to be found on earth. What are some major differences between Eukaryotic cells (like ours) and bacterial cells?
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Only eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are about the same size as bacteria, and function like them, have their own DNA, some ribosomes, and they are divide independently from the cells they are in.
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What features make some bacteria adhere better than others?
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Bacteria can release chemicals in competition for space, they are competing w/other micro organelles.
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What are antibiotics? How do bacteria use antibiotics? What other organisms produce antibiotics? Why do we use antibiotics?
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Antibiotics are a normal metablic product of certain microorganisms that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics can target ribosomes because its different than in a human, also the cell would could diff. because its different than a human cell.
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Why do people become resistant to antibiotics?
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People become resistant to antibiotics because people were prescribed too many antibiotics in some countries - self medication, not finishing antibiotics. Bacteria evolve resistance on their own; bacteria are small, small genome: 1 pair substitution will lead to a new protein, weak repair enzymes, increase growth rate. Entire population of resistant cells by the end of the day.
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What are the symptoms of TB? What type of organism causes TB? What living conditions increase the risk of getting TB? How is TB transmitted? What is the course of treatment for this disease? Why are we having an emergence of this disease in SF?
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Tuberculosis is a serious lung infection caused by the bacterium. Mycobacterium tuberculosis it stars with flu like symptoms but eventually can destroy patches of lung tissue and can spread to other parts of the body. Treated with antibiotics, untreated is fatal.
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What are the big three STD's that are bacterial? How are gonorrhea and chlamydia passed between individuals? What are the symptoms of these diseases? What are the logn terms effects of both these diseases? Can you die from them? Why do women to get gonorrhea somtimes go sterile without even knowing they have the disease? Are these diseases treatable? Why are the diseases likely to be antibiotic resistant?
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Gonorrhea and chlamydia symptoms Male: pus and discharge from penis. Female: Asymptomatic can become sterile due to scar tissue build up in fillopian tubes. Can be treated with antibiotics. Transmitted through sexual fluids. Yes they can be fatal.
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What is syphilis? Describe the three stages of the disease? At what point is the disease untreatable? What course of treatment for this disease?
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Syphilis is a spiral shaped bacteria. There are three stages. Open sore on genitals. Nasty rash, flue like symptoms in 2-3 months. After transmittion can be fatal, no longer curable, spreads to all major organs - including brain.
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How can you limit your exposure to STDS?
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Abstinence, condoms.
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Describe fungal cells. What type of diseases are caused by fungal cells? What makes fungal infections difficult to treat?
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Fungus cells have cell walls, eukuryotic, single-cell fungus. Athletes foot, yeast infection. Fungus like hot moist places.
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Why are viruses considered to not be alive? Name the common structures associated with viruses. How do viruses avoid detection by our immune system.
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Viruses are considered to not be alive because they can't reproduce on their own, don't metabolize. Virus lands on your cell that has the correct receptor, infects viral DNA or RNA into your cell. When virus is ready, your cell will make copies of the virus.
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