Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Organic food means...
|
No pesticides, no herbicides, and not genetically modified!
|
|
|
What are the 2 ways to define cloning?
|
1. Clone a whole organism
2. Clone a specific gene |
|
|
What does totipotent mean?
|
Stem cells that can become anything
|
|
|
What does pluripotent mean?
|
Stem cells that can become one type of tissue.
|
|
|
What are the stages of embryonic development?
|
Zygote, Morula, Blastocyst, Enbryo, Fetus
|
|
|
Name the problems with reproductive clones.
|
1. Shortened lifespan
2. Causes Cancer 3. Large offspring syndrome |
|
|
What is imprinting?
|
Specific gene expressed based on whether the donor is maternal or paternal
|
|
|
What is therapeutic cloning?
|
Grow embryos to get totipotent cells so they can become anything you want to treat diseases.
|
|
|
Name 3 kind of adult stem cells.
|
1. Hematopoetic (make new blood cells in your bone marrow)
2. Neuronal (can form new neurons) 3. Stromal (produce bone and cartilage and fat cells) |
|
|
Why is gene therapy difficult?
|
Because you need to inject it into the right place, insertional activation could occur, and it can cause cancer or immune response.
|
|
|
What is the vehicle used in gene therapy?
|
1. Adeno virus
2. Adeno Associated Virus (best one) |
|
|
What organisms have a closed circulatory system? Open?
|
Closed - Us, fish, whales, all vertebrates
Open - Insects |
|
|
What is hemplymph and who has this?
|
Hemolymph is when the blood and lymph is mixed together. Insects have hemolymph.
|
|
|
What is lymph?
|
Interstitial fluid that is used for transportation.
|
|
|
What are the functions of our lymphatic system?
|
Reabsord fluid.
|
|
|
What are the functions of our circulatory system?
|
Regulates body temp, RBC carry oxygen, transports nutrients and waste, circulation.
|
|
|
What is contercrrent exchange?
|
Warm blood leaving warms cold blood. Keeps core body temp. the same.
|
|
|
What are pre-capillary sphincters?
|
A muscle that contracts and relaxes in order to regulate blood flow.
|
|
|
Which blood vessels have valves?
|
Veins
|
|
|
Which blood vessels are the most important for regulating blood flow?
|
Arterioles
|
|
|
What does hydrostatic pressure do?
|
Makes the fluid come out
|
|
|
What does osmotic pressure do?
|
Keeps the fliud inside.
|
|
|
What happens to blood flow if you decrease blood pressure?
|
It will decrease.
(BF=P/R) |
|
|
What happens to blood flow if you increase resistance?
|
It will decrease.
|
|
|
What is a sphygmomanometer and what kind of pressure does it measure?
|
Takes blood pressure, measures arteriole pressure.
|
|
|
You have hypertension if your BP is above......
|
140!
|
|
|
What kind of things are found in blood plasma?
|
Ions, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, CO2, hormones, proteins.
|
|
|
Why do we need albumin?
|
It allows the fluid to stay in, we need it to keep our osmotic pressure.
|
|
|
What do platelets do?
|
Help with blood clotting, so does fibrinogen.
|
|
|
What do neutrophils do?
|
They are the general immune response.
|
|
|
What is cutaneous respiration?
|
Amphibians can take up oxygen through their skin.
|
|
|
Why do bird and mammals need a more efficiant circulatory system?
|
Because we are warm blooded.
|
|
|
What does your SA node do?
|
Where each heartbeat originates. It is the pacemaker of the heart!
|
|
|
What does the AV node do?
|
Delays message
|
|
|
What happens in the P wave? QRS? T?
|
P - when artria contract
QRS - Ventricles contract T - ventricles repolarize |
|
|
What is happening when you hear your heart beating?
|
1st - closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves (AV valves)
2nd - closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves |
|
|
What is EDV and ESV?
|
ESV - end systolic volume - amount of blood in ventricles after contraction
EDV - end diastolic volume - amount of blood at full capacity |
|
|
What do you do if you have a cardiovascular disease?
|
Less salt, excercise for 20 minutes a day, eat antioxidants, decrease fat and red meat, may need medication.
|
|
|
Symptoms of Hypertension?
|
No symptoms, shortness of breath, blurred vison, headaches, nausea
|
|
|
Symptoms of Angina?
|
Chest pain, pressuure, heaviness, tighness, squeezing, burning, choking, sweating
|
|
|
Symptoms of Stroke?
|
Headache, dizzy, weakness on one side, blurred vison, nausea, numbness, altered sense of smell, hearing problems
|
|
|
What do these do?
Diuretics? Beta blockers? Alpha blockers? Calcium channel blockers? Vasodilators? |
Diuretics - to increase water excretion
Beta blockers - decrease effects of epinephrine, therefore decreasing heart rate Alpha blockers - decrease effects of norepinephrine Calcium channel blockers - decrease heart contraction and contration of blood vessels Vasodilators - dilate blood vessels, which will decrease resistance |
|
|
What is ischemia?
|
Lack of oxygen to the heart muscles.
|
|
|
How can angina be diagnosed?
|
A stress test can be done. If the ST region is elevated, that indicates angina.
|
|
|
What is plaque made up of?
|
Cholesterol and white blood cells
|
|
|
What are free radicals?
|
Inside the wall of the arteries, oxidize the cholesteral.
|
|
|
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
|
Blood leaks into brain tissue
|
|
|
What is a Ischemic stroke?
|
Blood clot stops flow of blood
|
|
|
What does it mean to say the brain is 'plastic'?
|
Nearby areas can take on new functions, brain adaptation
|
|
|
What is homeostasis?
|
Maintaining an internal environment
|
|
|
What is negative feedback?
|
Gets you back to your set point.
|
|
|
What is osmoregulation?
|
The regulation of the body's osmotic composition.
|
