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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how does a hydrophillic ligand work?
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membrane boiund raceptors accepts the hydrophillic molecule and something happens inside
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whats signal transduction?
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an outside signal to an inside signal
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what does allosteric mean?
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it changes shape
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what does ligand do first?
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binds to a receptor and changes its shape
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what does ligand binding activate?
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it activates a g-protein
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what does the g-protein do when active?
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the gdp attached to the g-protein turns to a gtp and the enzyyme is activated and releases a second carrier
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what are some cellular responses?
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open or close ion channels
activate or inactivate enzymes modify gene expression trigger cell division |
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what can happen with an intracellular signal?
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regulatory genes can be activated to activate the promoter or enzyme
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what modifies chromatin?
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nucleosome packing histone acetylation
and DNA methylation |
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what decides which gene in the particular region will be transcribed?
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regulatory transcription factors
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what does a cellular checkpoint to move to mitosis do?
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asks about the cells health,
nutrients, damgage etc before allowing it to happen |
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what happens when a eukaryotic cell divides without the right signals?
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cancer
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what is apoptosis?
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programmed cell death, in response to signals
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why would appoptosis happen?
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damage to the cell , or if needed for development
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what is gastrulation?
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embryonic shape change,
cell migration formation of tissue layers |
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what is determination?
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gradula restriction of possibilities
stable through mitosis (epigenetic) continuum: totpotent -> fully determined |
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what does totpotent mean?
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it means the cell can be anything
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what is differentiation?
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expresses certain genes and makes particular proteins that give it a specialized function and morphology
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do cells change thier genetic makeup as they differentiate?
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no , animal and plant cells don't change thier genetics as the differentiate
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what is situ hydridization?
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dna will bind to each other in a cell using a radioactive sequence of nucleic acids and groups around certain groups of mrna.
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what doesnt occur during early cleavge?
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the embryo doesnt significantly grow in mass, becausse its just constantly undergoing mitosis.
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whats the brain formed out of?
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the neural tube
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what is acclimitization
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a short term individual response
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The old man will explain it.
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The old man will explain it.
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whats differentiation?
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the process of becoming a specialized type of cell
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what cells can be totipotent?
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plant cells
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can animal cells de-differentiate themselves?
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no once an animal is differentiated it can not be changed.
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what are the most important cell to cell interactions during development?
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sending and receiving signals
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how does differentiation occur?
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the cells differentiate through differential gene expression
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whats a morphogen?
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a molecules that provides spatial information during early embrionic development
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what's gastrulation?
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cell rearrangement by movement of cells
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what are gap genes?
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genes that describe the general position of the head thorax and abdominal regions
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what are pair rule genes?
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genes that later on demarcate the edges of individual segments
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what are segment polarity genes?
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genes that delineate boundaries within individual segments
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what does genetic equivalence refer to ?
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the genetic composition of cells
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what are connective tissues?
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tissues that connect things
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what do connective tissues secrete?
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polysaccharides gels
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what protein fibers make up connective tissues?
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collagen and elastin
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what are the types of connective tissue?
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connecting(loose, or fibrous), supporting and fluid matrix
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whats epithelial tissue?
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outside tissue that lines that lines the organs.
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what does epithelial tissue do?
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acts as a barrier. anything that enters or leaves passes through epithelial cells
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how is epithelial cells connected?
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the epithelial cells are in a continuous layer that touch each other. like tight junctions
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how are connective tissues connected?
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they have a lot of matrix fluid between them.
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the internal side of an epithelial cell is?
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the apical surface that faces internal and sometimes and external envionment
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sa formula?
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radius/length squared
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volume formula?
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radius/length cubed
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the larger an object is. . . . . . . . . .. the?
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the smaller the surface area to volume ration is
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what is endothermy?
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the process of making heat internally
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what is brown fat?
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a thermal energy supply in young mammals ( not us)
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how does brown fat work?
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extra molecules in the mitochondria let the hydrogen protons flow through and overload the mitochondria and generate heat
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what happens when the temp is too high?
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the effector tells the body to dialate superficial vessels, seat and pant,and heat shock proteins are created.
what adjusts the set temp of an organism? fever, torpor and hibernation |
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what does central nervous system refer to?
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brain plus spinal cord
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what's the peripheral nervous system?
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input to the cns and output from it
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whats a sensor in the body?
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it senses the temp and tells the body to respond.
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what happens when the temp is too low?
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the effector constricts superficial vessels , you shiver and cellular respiration happens. thsi causes the temp to rise
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what are the parts of a nerve?
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dendrites, the cell body (soma) and axons and synaptic terminals
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what are dendrites?
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branched extensions of the cell
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whats a synapse?
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a gap between one neuron and the next
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whats a neuron?
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a nerve cell not a cluster of axons
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is a nerve cell a cluster of axons?
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no it is not theyre just attached to the neuron
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whats a voltage?
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a potential energy between the charge separation of the positive ions outside the plasma membrane and negative ions inside the membrane
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what cells have a voltage?
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ALL CELLS
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whats the voltage carried by?
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ions
sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium |
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whats current?
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flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other
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how do ions get across the membrane>
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ion channels
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