Biology Lab Practice Abdulfattah

Front 1

what is the bacterial cell wall and cover made of?

plant cell?

fungi cell wall?

Back 1

polysaccharides and glycocalyx

cellulose

chitin

Front 2

bacterial capule

Back 2

protects bacteria made of thick glycocalyx

Front 3

nucleoid

nucleus

Back 3

area in bacterial cells where singular circular chromosome

membrane bound organelle where linear chromosome DNA is found

Front 4

plasmids

Back 4

small pieces of circular DNA

Front 5

ribosomes

Back 5

synthesize proteins

Front 6

cytoplasm

Back 6

clear gelatinous fluid holds organelles

Front 7

flagella and cillia

Back 7

whip like structure used for mobility; short haried strcucture found in more amounts

Front 8

Anabaena gelatinous sheath

Back 8

covering and connecting cell into colonies

Front 9

heterocyst

Back 9

speicilized cell fixes nitrogen gas

Front 10

chloroplasts

Back 10

location within photosynthesis occurs

Front 11

central vacuole

Back 11

storage of water and ions

Front 12

cytoplasmic streaming (Elodea cell)

Back 12

movement of cytoplasm within the cell

Elodea cell movement of chloroplasts

Front 13

compound microscope

Back 13

used to look at non transparent materials

Front 14

phase contrast

Back 14

used to look for unstained specimen best for thin specimen

Front 15

Differential interference contract microscopy

(DIC or Nomarski)

Back 15

used to look for unstained living specimen used for thicker specimen

Front 16

fluorescence

Back 16

absorb one wavelength of ultraviolet light, black background
used to see specific molecules or organelles

Front 17

confocal laser scanning

Back 17

very thin plane use computer to produce 3D image

Front 18

electron microscope (TEM) (SEM)

Back 18

high resolving power

TEM used for seeing internal organelles; thin specimen

SEM used to create 3D image of surface; thicker specimen

Front 19

selectively permeable

Back 19

allows only certain substances through and blocks others

Front 20

nuclear envelope

Back 20

double bound membrane; surrounds nucleus

Front 21

mitochondria

Back 21

undergoes cellular respiration to produce adenine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 22

plastids

Back 22

membrane bound organelles

Front 23

chloroplasts

thylakoid membrane

Back 23

contains green pigmented chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis

location of chlorophyll location of photosynthesis

Front 24

chromoplasts

Back 24

plastid contains pigments called carotenoids and are usualy yellow red or purple; used to attract animals and insects for pollination or seed dispersal

Front 25

plasmodesmata

Back 25

connections between plant cells; connects adjacent cells

Front 26

leucoplasts

Back 26

stores starch proteins or lipids(fats)

Front 27

Amoeba (pseudopodia)

Back 27

cellular extensions made of microfilaments used for phagocytosis (cell eating) and movement along substrate.

Front 28

contractile vacuole (Amoeba)

Back 28

used for osmoregulation empties water; Amoeba is hypertonic to its enviorment

Front 29

cristae

Back 29

partitions of the inner mitochondrion membrane

Front 30

lysosome

Back 30

organelle enclosed in a membrane; contains digestive enzymes

Front 31

nucleolus

Back 31

located within the nucleus synthesizes proteins and RNA

Front 32

cytoskeleton

Back 32

supports cell; made of microfilaments and micotubules, divides cell into compartments and is important in cell division

Front 33

isotonic solution

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

Back 33

equal concentration of solute in and out of cell

more concentration of solute inside cell then outside

less concentration of solute inside cell then outside

Front 34

osmosis

Back 34

movement of solvent usually water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

important for turgor (rigidity) in plants etc.

Front 35

turgor pressure

Back 35

movement of water into cell pushes cell membrane outwards does not burst in plant cells because of cell wall

Front 36

root apical meristem

Back 36

region of rapidly dividing cells

Front 37

blastodisc

Back 37

fertilized egg; multicellular embryonic stage

Front 38

eyespot

Back 38

orients plant cells toward light

Front 39

pyrenoid

Back 39

responsible for the synthesis of starch

Front 40

plasmolysis

Back 40

contraction of plant cell because of the movement of water from within the cell

Front 41

binary fission

Back 41

process of cell division in prokaryotic cells

1.circular membrane replicates

2.each circular membrane moves to opposite sides

3.invagination splits cell into two daughter cells

Front 42

cell division(Mitosis)

Back 42

interphase 1-3

1.G1,

2. S stage,

3.G2 stage

4.Mitosis

5. cytokinesis

Front 43

G1 stage of interphase

Back 43

organelles and proteins synthesized; membrane expands

Front 44

S stage

Back 44

DNA synthesizes

each chromosome makes an exact copy to form duplicated chromosome

each called sister chromatid

Front 45

G2 stage

Back 45

cell growth continues

Front 46

Mitosis prophase

Back 46

Centrosomes duplicate and move to opposite ends of the cell

spindle fibers form

duplicated chromosomes condense

nuclear envelope disintegrates

Front 47

mitosis prometaphase

Back 47

transition between prophase and metaphase

Front 48

mitosis metaphase

Back 48

duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus

spindle apparatus forms

spindle microtubules attach to centromeres of each duplicated chromosome

Front 49

mitosis anaphase

Back 49

centromeres of each duplicated chromosome separated and each single chromosome is pulled by microtubules to each end of the nucleus

Front 50

mitosis telophase in animal cell

Back 50

single chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to decondense

nuclear envelope begins to reform

Front 51

cytokinesis (1. plants) (2. animal)

Back 51

1. cell plate forms between two poles until it grows completely and separates the two plant daughter cells

2.cleavage furrow forms between two nuclei and grows until it separates the two daughter animal cells.

Front 52

homologous chromosome

Back 52

two single chromosomes with same gene size and shape

Front 53

diploid

Back 53

contains two identical sets of chromosomes

Front 54

haploid

Back 54

contains one identical set of a chromosome

Front 55

alternation of generation

Back 55

two distinct stages of life where it is haploid and another which is diploid

Front 56

gametophyte haploid stage

Back 56

produces gametes male and female through mitosis (antheridium male sperm) and (archegonium egg)

Front 57

sporophyte diploid stage

sporangia

Back 57

production of spores in sparangia through meiosis

Front 58

sorus

sporangium

sporangial stalk

spores

Back 58

made of sporangia (sporganium)

diploid cells which undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells

extension from leaf from sorus

haploid cells produced from meiosis which then undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular gametophyte

Front 59

prothallus

rhizoids

Back 59

fern gametophtye heart shaped plant

root life structures of gametophyte