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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwin
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Natural Selection = Evolutionary Adaptation
Great diversity in organisms |
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Aristotle
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believed that species are fixed and do not evolve which led to the idea that the earth is 6000 yrs old
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Buffon
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Suggested the earth is older than 6,000 because he saw similarities between fossils and living species
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Lamarack
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suggested organisms evolved by adaptation; inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Lyell
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geologist who strongly influenced Darwin
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Fossil Record
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chronology of fossil appearances in the rock layers, marking the passing of geological time.
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population
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a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
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Hardy-Weinberg Formula
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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Mathematical representation of a gene pool |
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Genetic Drift
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change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
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Bottleneck Effect
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example of genetic drift, results in drastic reduction in population size; reduces genetic variation
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Founder Effect
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genetic drift in a new colony
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Gene Flow
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genetic exchange with another population
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Mutation
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changes in an organism's DNA
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Darwinian Fitness
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the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to other organisms
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Direction Selection
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shifts the phenotype curve of the population
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Diversifying Selection
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can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population
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Stabilizing Selection
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Maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range
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Theory for Extinction of the Dinosaurs
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Paleontologists believe that is a large meteorite
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Speciation
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focal point of macroevolution; the creation of a new species; occurs only with the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population
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Biological Species Concept
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defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups; cannot be applied to fossils and asexual organisms
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Pre-Zygote Reproductive Barrier
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impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs; temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
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Post-Zygotic Redproductive Barrier
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Backup mechanisms that operate should interspecies mating occur and produce zygotes; includes hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility
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Allopatric Speciation
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geological processes that fragment a population into two or more isolated populations
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Sympatric Speciation
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occurs if a genetic change produces a reproductive barrier between mutants and the parent population
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Polyploidy
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accidents during cell division and can lead to sympatric speciation
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Gradualit Model (tempo of speciation)
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traditional evolutionary change over time
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Punctuated Equilibrium
(tempo of speciation) |
states that species most often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change
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Exaptation
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Involves a structure that evolves in one context gradually adapted for other functions; is a mechanism for novel features to arise gradually
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Paedomorphosis
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the retention of juvenile body features in the adult
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Radiometric Dating
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most common method for dating fossils
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Half-Life
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the ratio of the two isotopes, carbon 12 & 14, to learn how many half-life reductions have occured since death
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Systematics
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the study of biological diversity, past and present
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Taxonomy
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the identification, naming, and classification of species
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KPCOFGS
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species
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Anology
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similarity due to convergence
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Convergent Evolution
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involves superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms based on natural selection
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Cladistics
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scientific search for clades, disticntive branches in the history of life
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Five-Kingdom System
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Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
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Three-Domain System
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Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
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A community
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assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction
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Trophic Structure
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concerns the feeding relationships among the various species making up the communiy
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Interspecific Interaction
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interactions between species
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Interspecific Competition
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may occur when two or more species in a community rely on similar limiting resources
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
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two species so similar that they compete for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place; if their niches are identical
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Ecological niche
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the sum total of species use of biotic and ambiotic resources in its environment
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Resource Partitioning
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the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist; extinction or evolution
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Predation
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when orgamisms eat other organisms
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Keystone Predators
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help maintain species diversity by preventing competitive exclusion of weaker competitors
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Symbiotic Relationship
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An interspecific interaction in which one species, the symbiont, lives in or on another species, the host
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Parasitism
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symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed
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Mutualism
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a symbiosis that benefits both partners
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Disturbances
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episodes that damage biological communities, at least temporarily
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Primary Succession
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a community arrises in virtually lifeless area with no soil
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Secondary Succession
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occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact
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Intermediate Disturbance
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Species diversity may be greater in an area where disturbance is moderate in both severity and frequency
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Ecosystem
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a biological community and the abiotic factors with which the community interacts
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Energy Flow
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the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem
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Chemical Cycling
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the use and resuse of chemical elements within the ecosystem
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Trophic Levels
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divide species of an ecosystem based on their main source of nutrition
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Food Chain
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sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level
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Primary Consumers
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Herbivores, which eat plants, algae or autotrophic bacteria
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Secondary Consumers
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above primary consumers, usually small mammals and the like that eat zooplankton
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Tertiary Consumers
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such as snakes, eat small mice and other secondary consumers
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Quaternary Consumers
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include hawks and killer whales that eat tertiary consumers
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Detritivores
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derive their energy from the dead material left by all trophic levels
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Food Web
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the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
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Biomass
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the amount of organic material in an ecosystem
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Primary Productivity
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the rate at which plants and other producers build biomass
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Energy Pyramid
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a diagram that represents the cumulative loss of energy from a food chain
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