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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dependent Variables
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Variable depends on the outcome
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Independent Variable
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One scientist manipulates
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Variation
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Differences in physical trait of an individual from the group to which it belongs
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Vestigal Structure
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Remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor
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Homologous Structure
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Body part that is similar in structure on different organisms, but performs different functions
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Adaptation
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Inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment
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How can you tell if an adaptation is successful?
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It can lead to genetic change in a population over time
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How does adaptation work?
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Animal is born with a change, the change is successful so it is passed on
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Darwin's Finches
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Finches from Galapagos Island have a distinct-looking beaks, different habits diets and behaviors. However they share a common ancestor from South American mainland.
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Variation (four main principles of the theory of natural selection)
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heritable differences, resulted in parents or mutation
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Overproduction (Four main principles of the theory of natural selection)
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Many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, results in competition for resources
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Adaptation (Four main principles of the theory of natural selection)
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Certain variation allows an individual to survive better than other individuals it competes against in the environment
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Ecosystem (Four main principles of the theory of natural selection)
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Collection of organism and non living things, such as climate, soil, water and tracks
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Descent with Modification
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Natural selection will result in species with adaptation that are well suited for survival and reproduction in an environment
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Parasitism
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Ecological relationship in which one organism benefits by harming another one. A parasite benefits by keeping host alive for several days.
Example: Braconid wasp lays its eggs inside a caterpillar. When larvae hatches, they eat caterpillar inside out |
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Commensalism
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Is a relationship between two organisms in which one recieves an ecological benefit from another, while other is neither benefited nor harmed.
Example: Our eyelashes are home to up to 20 mites that feast on oil secretion, but do not harm us |
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Mutualism
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Is an interspecies interaction in which both organisms benefit from one another.
Example: Bat pollinates cacti a it also feeds off of it. |
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Logistic Growth
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Population growth that is characterized by a period of slow growth, followed by a period of exponential, followed by another period of slow growth
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Exponential Growth
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Occurs when a population size increases dramatically over a period of time.
*Gradually curving up* |
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Density Dependent Growth
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Are limiting factors that are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.
-Competition -Predation -Parasitism and Disease |
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Population Density
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Measure of individuals living in a defined area
Formula: # of individuals/total area=population density |
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Molecular Clocks
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A theoretical clock that uses the rate of mutation to measure evolutionary time
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Earth's Estimated Age
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About 4.5 Billion Years
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Primary Consumer
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Is an animal that feeds of off primary producers
Example: Herbivores are primary consumers because they feed off of plants (primary producer) |
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Secondary Consumer
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An animal that feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a food chain.
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Tertiary Consumer
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An animal that feeds off of secondary consumers
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Carrying Capacity
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Number of individuals that the resources of an environment can normally and persistently support.
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Gene Pool
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Collection of alleles found in all of the individuals of a population
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Exponential Growth
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Occurs when a population size increases dramatically over a period of time.
*Gradually curving up* |
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Density Dependent Growth
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Are limiting factors that are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.
-Competition -Predation -Parasitism and Disease |
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Population Density
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Measure of individuals living in a defined area
Formula: # of individuals/total area=population density |
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Molecular Clocks
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A theoretical clock that uses the rate of mutation to measure evolutionary time
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Earth's Estimated Age
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About 4.5 Billion Years
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Primary Consumer
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Is an animal that feeds of off primary producers
Example: Herbivores are primary consumers because they feed off of plants (primary producer) |
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Secondary Consumer
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An animal that feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a food chain.
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Tertiary Consumer
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An animal that feeds off of secondary consumers
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Carrying Capacity
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Number of individuals that the resources of an environment can normally and persistently support.
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Gene Pool
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Collection of alleles found in all of the individuals of a population
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Allele
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Is any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus.
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Coevolution
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Process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other.
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What are two sources of genetic variation?
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Mutation:
is a random change in the DNA of a gene Recombination: New allele combinations form in offspring through this process (mostly during meiosis- when gametes are made and parents alleles are arranged in new ways) |
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How does sexual reproduction impact genetic variation?
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Creates a higher chance of reombination
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How can you tell the relative age of a hominid skull?
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Size of jaw and skull
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Biosphere
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All organisms and the part of Earth where they exist
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What is the biggest difference between a grassland and a forest biome?
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The climate conditions and the animals that live there.
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What is the difference between weather and climate?
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Weather is what happeneds on a daily and climate is the stereotypical weather.
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Linnaean Classification System
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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How are organisms named and classified in the Linneane Classification System?
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Classified by physical characterisitics and named from most general to most specific
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How can you determine if two similar organisms are the same species?
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Genetic research
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3 Domains of the Tree of Life
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Bacteria:
Single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes which are able to live in extreme environments (strong cell wall) Eukarya: made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells |
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Is a system that gives each species a two-part scientific name using Latin words.
Example: Bi and Nomial |
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Botany
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Study of plants
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What bio-chemical component of chloroplast is responsible for the green hue of plants?
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Chlorophyll, a light absorbing molecule that plays a key role in photosynthesis
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What has to happened for pollination to occur?
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Animal or wind dispereses it to flower
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Difference between a monocot and a dicot
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Monocot:
flowering plant whose embryos have one cotyledon Dicot: flowering plant whose embryos have two cotyledons |
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Plant Compounds
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used to make medicine
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where is pollen produced?
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Anther
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difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph?
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Autotroph:
Organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals Heterotroph: Organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms |
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which animal first developed four limbs?
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Amphibians
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What group of seedless plants played a key role in the early stages of primary succession?
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Mosses and ferns
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Key Stone Species
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Species that make changes in environment in large ways
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Gymnosperms
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Makes cones
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Angiosperm
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Makes fruits and plants
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Derived Character
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Small lines branching off of a cladogram
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CONTROL GROUP
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Group scientist do nothing to
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