Biology Chapter 7

Front 1

Three major types of muscle tissues: Skeletal muscle

Back 1

Also called striated or voluntary muscle
Is 40% to 50% of body weight (red meat attached to the bone)
Microscope reveals crosswise stripes or striations, appear in bundles with multiple nuclei, cylindrical threadlike cells
Contractions can be voluntarily controlled

Front 2

Three major types of muscle tissues: Cardiac muscle

Back 2

Composes bulk of heart
Cells are cylindrical, branch frequently and then recombine into a continuous mass of interconnected tissue, has cross striations and nucleus
Charaterized by unique dark bands called intercalated disks
Interconnected nature of cardiac muscle fibers allows the heart to contract efficiently as a unit

Front 3

Three major types of muscle tissues: Nonstriated muscle or involuntary muscle

Back 3

Also called smooth or visceral muscle
Cells are tapered at each end, have a single nucleus and they have a smooth even appearance
Found in walls of hollow visceral structures such as digestive tract blood vessels and ureters
Contractions are involuntary

Front 4

Function of the three major types of muscle tissues

Back 4

All muscle cells specialize in contractions (shortening)

Front 5

The microscopic structure

Back 5

Contractile cells called fibers grouped into bundles
Fibers contain thick myofilaments (containing the protein myosin) and thin myofilaments (composed of actin)
Basic functional (contractile) unit called sarcomere separated from each other by dark bands called Z lines
Sliding filament model explains mechanism of contraction
Thick and thin myofilaments slide past eachother as a muscle contracts
Contraction requires calcium and energy rich ATP molecules

Front 6

The motor unit

Back 6

Stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement
A motor neuron is the specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle causing contraction
A neuromuscular junction is the specialized point of cintact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates
Is the combination of a motor neuron with the muscle cell or cells it innervates

Front 7

Structure of skeletal muscle

Back 7

Each skeletal muscle is an organ composed mainly of skeletal muscle cells and connective tissue
Most skeletal muscles extend from one bone across a joint to another bone
Muscels attach to bone by tendons some tendons enclosed in synovial lined tubes and are lubricated by synovial fluid tubes called tendon sheaths
Bursae small synovial lined sacs containing a small of synovial fluid located between some tendons and underlying bones

Front 8

Parts of a skeletal muscle

Back 8

-Origin attachment to the bone that remains relatively strationary or fixed when movement at the joint occurs
-Intertion point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts
-Body main part of the muscle

Front 9

Functions of skeletal muscle: Movement

Back 9

Prime mover muscles whose contraction is mainly responsible for producing a given movement
-Synergist muscle whose contractions help the prime mover produce a given movement
-Antagonist muscle whose actions oppose the action of a prime mover in any given movement

Front 10

Functions of skeletal muscle: Posture

Back 10

A specialized type of muscle contraction called tonic contraction enables us to maintain body position
In tonic contraction only a few of muscles fibers shorten at one time
Tonic contraction produce no movement of baby parts

Front 11

Functions of skeletal muscle: Heat production

Back 11

Survival depends of the bodys ability to maintain a constant body temperature
Contraction of muscle fibers produced most of the heat required to maintain normal body temperature

Front 12

Types of movement: Flexion

Back 12

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones at their joints (bending)

Front 13

Types of movement: Extension

Back 13

Movement that increases the angle between two bones at their point (straightening)

Front 14

Types of movement: Abduction

Back 14

Movement of a part away from the midline of the body

Front 15

Types of movement: Adduction

Back 15

Movement of a part toward the midline of the body

Front 16

Types of movement: Rotation

Back 16

Movement around a longitudinal axis

Front 17

Types of movement: Supination

Back 17

Hand positions that result from rotation of the forearm
Results in a hand position with the palm turned to the anterior position

Front 18

Types of movement: Pronation

Back 18

Occurs when the palm faces posteriorly

Front 19

Types of movement: Dorsiflexion

Back 19

Results in elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot

Front 20

Types of movement: Planter flexion

Back 20

The bottom of the foot is directed downward

Front 21

Is another name for muscle cell

Back 21

Muscle fiber

Front 22

Cardiac muscle makes up the bulk of this tissue of the

Back 22

Heart

Front 23

The muscle attachment to the more movable bone

Back 23

Insertion

Front 24

The muscle attachment to the more stationary bone

Back 24

Origin

Front 25

Is the protein that makes up the thin myofilaments

Back 25

Actin

Front 26

Is the protein that makes up the thick myofilaments

Back 26

Myosin

Front 27

The basic functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle

Back 27

Sarcomere

Front 28

The three functions of the skeletal system

Back 28

Movement, posture, heat production

Front 29

What molecule supplies energy for muscle contraction

Back 29

ATP

Front 30

Is the waste product produced when the muscle must switch to an energy supplying process that does not require oxygen

Back 30

Lactic acid

Front 31

A single motor neutron with all the muscle cells in innervates

Back 31

Motor unit

Front 32

Is the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

Back 32

Threshold stimulus

Front 33

A type of muscle contraction that produces movement in a joint and allows the muscle to shorten

Back 33

Isotonic

Front 34

A type of muscle contraction that does not produce movement and does not allow the muscle to shorten but increases muscle tension

Back 34

Isometrie

Front 35

A term describing movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

Back 35

Abduction

Front 36

A term used to describe the movement that is the opposite of flexion

Back 36

Extension

Front 37

Describes the hand position when the body is an anatomical position

Back 37

Supination

Front 38

Skeletal muscles can also be called

Back 38

Voluntary muscle

Front 39

Smooth muscles can also be called

Back 39

Visceral, involuntary, nonstriated

Front 40

Types of muscles in the head or neck

Back 40

Temporal muscle, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi

Front 41

Types of muscles that move the upper extremities

Back 41

Pectoralis major, latissimus doris, deltoid, biceps branchii, triceps branchii

Front 42

Types of muscles that are in the trunk

Back 42

Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, intercostal muscles, diaphragm

Front 43

Types of muscles that move the lower extremities

Back 43

Iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, adductor muscles, hamstring muscles, semimembranosus, senitendinosus, biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus muscle, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, peroneus group