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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Substance that can't be broken down into simplier substances
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Element
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How many elements occur naturally on Earth
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90
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What elements make up more than 96% of the mass of a human?
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Carbon Nitrogen & Oxygen
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Presented in living things in small amounts yet play a vital role in maintaining healthy cells
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Trace Elements
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Smallest particle of an element that still retains all the characteristics of that element
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Atom
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Center of an Atom
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Nucleus
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What are inside a nucleus?
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Protons and Neutrons
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What type of charge does a nucleus have?
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Positive
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What type of charge do protons have?
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Positive
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What type of charge do neutrons have?
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Neutral
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What's the connection between thecolumns on the periodic table?
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Based Upon # of Electrons
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What's the connection between the rows on the periodic table?
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# of Levels
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What forms a cloud around the nucleus?
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Electrons
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What's the relationship between protons and electrons?
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Atoms have the same number of each
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What is the area where electrons travel called?
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Energy Levels
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What is the maximum number of electrons the second energy level can hold?
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8
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What's the maximum number of electrons the first energy level can hold?
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2
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What's the maximum number of electrons the third energy level can hold?
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18
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What are isotopes?
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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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What is a compound?
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a substance that is composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined
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What type of bond forms when two atoms share electrons?
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Covalent Bond
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Sugars, Fats, Proteins, and Water have what type of bonds?
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Covalent Bonds
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What is a molecule?
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A group of atoms held togetehr by covalent bonds and have no overall charge
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What does the Octet Rule say?
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When atoms having more than 1 energy level combine their outer energy levels, they must have a total of 8 electrons in their outer ring
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What is an ionic bond?
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An attractive force between two ions of opposite charge
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What tpe of compound or bond is more prevelant: Ionic or Covalent?
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Covalent
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What is a charge particle called?
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Ion
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Are chemical reactions rare within a cell?
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No, chemical reactions happen often within a cell
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Chemical Reactions within an organism are also referred to as the organisms _______.
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Metabolism
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What name is given to a substance that undergoes a chemical reaction?
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Reactant
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What is the name given to a substance that is formed by a chemical reaction?
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Product
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What is a mixture?
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a combination of substances in which the individucal components retain their own properties
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What is a solution?
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A mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenlyy in anotehr substance.
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Which can settle out...a solution or a mixture?
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Mixture
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What is a suspension?
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Mixing two things together that will always separate
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What increases a solution's concentration?
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The more solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent
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What does pH measure?
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How acidic or basic a solution is
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If a substance's pH is below 7 what is it called?
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Acidic
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If a substance's pH is above 7 what is it called?
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Base
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Any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water is considered a _____.
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Base
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Where are electrons located in an atom?
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Outside the nucleus in levels
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What are carbohydrates composed of?
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C, H, and O
with a 1:2:1 ratio |
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
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Quick Energy (mono)
Storage (poly) |
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Carbohydrates are the building blocks for what?
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Monosacharides and Disacharides
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Of what are Lipids composed?
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C, H, and O
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What are the building blocks for lipids?
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1 glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
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What are the functions of lipids?
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Energy, Insulation, Structure, and Regulation
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Of what are proteins made?
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C, H, O, N, (S)
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What are the builiding blocks for proteins?
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Aminio Acids build to peptide and this becomes polypeptides
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What are the functions of Proteins?
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Regulation, Structure, Contraction, Transport, Protection, Energy
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Of what are Nucleic Acids made?
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C, H, O, N, P
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What are the builiding blocks for Nucleic Acids?
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Nucleotide
1- Phosphate 2- 5C Sugar 3- Nitrogen Base |
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Whater the the functions of Nucleic Acids?
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Regulation
Heredity Protein Synthesis |
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What's the difference between a hydrogen bond and a covalent bond?
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Hydrogen bonds hold larger molecules such as proteins and covalent bonds hold together sugars and things
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Water is a Universal _____ for living things
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Solvent
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List the 7 Functions of Water
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1. Universal Solvent
2. Material Transport 3. Polarity 4. Hydrogen Bond 5. Capillary Action 6. Resists Temp Changes 7. Expands when it freezes |
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What is a polar molecule?
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a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge
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Is a Hydrogen Bond weak or strong?
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Weak
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What is diffusion?
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The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Who was Robert Brown?
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He used a microscope to examine pollen grains in water...Brownian Motion
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Why does diffusion occur?
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Because of a random movement of particles
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Is diffusion a fast or slow process?
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Slow
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What three factors effect the rate of diffusion?
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Concentration, temperature, and pressure
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What is Dynamic Equillibrium?
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When there is continuous movement but no overall change in concentration
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What is a concentration gradient?
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The difference in concentration of a substance across space
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Name one way in which cells move substances in and out of the cell
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Diffusion
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What trait allows water to travel to the tops of trees?
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Capillary Action
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Metabolism is the combination of what?
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Anabolism and Catabolism
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Anobolism controls....
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Growth and Building
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Catabolism controls....
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Digestion and Breaking Down
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Carbon is special because...
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It has 4 electrons available for bonding,it can bond with other atoms as well as other elements
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How is a triple bond shown?
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Three bars drawn
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What is an isomer?
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a compound that has the same simple formula but different three dimensional structures
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What is a polymer?
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a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
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What is Hydrolisis?
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A process by which polymers can be broken apart
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What is a carbohydrate?
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an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxyygen with a ration of about twon hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom
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List 3 important functions of lipids in living organisms
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energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings
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What is a monosacharide?
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simplest type of carbohydrate and a simple sugar
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What is a disacharide?
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This occurs when two monosaccharide molecules link together to form a two sugar carbohydrate
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What is a lipid?
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organic compound ...commonly called fats or oils...insoluble in water...non polar molecules
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True or False
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Proteins are essential to all life
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What is a protein?
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a large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and ussually sulfur
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What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
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Amino Acids
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How many common amino acids are there?
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20
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What is a peptide bond?
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The covalent bond formed between aminio acids
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What is an enzyme?
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A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
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What is a nucleic Acid?
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a complex macromolecule that stores cellular inofrmation in the forma of a code
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What is a nucleotide?
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carbon,hydrogen, ovygen, nitogen and phosophorus atoms arrange in theree groups: base, simple sugar, and phosphate group.
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DNA is an acronym for what words?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What is the funtion of DNA?
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DNA forms the genetic code that determines how an organism looks and acts
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RNA is an acronym for what words?
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Ribonucleic Acid
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What is the function of RNA
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It creates a copy of DNA for use in making proteins
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What are the basic building blocks for all matter
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Atoms
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