Biology Chapter 11 The Cell Cycle

Front 1

new cells arise through the ____ of pre-existing cells

Back 1

division

Front 2

in animals, ____ leads to the production of sperm and eggs, which are gametes

Back 2

meiosis

Front 3

____ leads to the production of all somatic cells, which are all cells other than sperm and eggs

Back 3

mitosis

Front 4

____ is the division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells

Back 4

cytokinesis

Front 5

mitosis and cytokinesis are responsible for three keys events in multicellular eukaryotes, what are they?

Back 5

1. growth 2. wound repair 3. reproduction

Front 6

______ reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Back 6

asexual reproduction

Front 7

a _________ consists of a single,long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner

Back 7

chromosome

Front 8

a _____ is a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein or RNA found in the cell

Back 8

gene

Front 9

each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome is called a ______

Back 9

chromatid

Front 10

two chromatids are joined together at a joint called the ___

Back 10

centromere

Front 11

growing cells alternate between a dividing phase called the ___ phase and non-dividing phase called ___

Back 11

alternate between the mitotic or M phase and the non-dividing phase called interphase

Front 12

___ phase is part of interphase, when DNA is synthesized

Back 12

S phase, or synthesis phase

Front 13

in what phase are chromosomes copied?

Back 13

in the S-phase of Interphase

Front 14

there are a total of 4 phases in the cell cycle- what are they?

Back 14

M phase, and an interphase consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases

Front 15

the ____ phase provides the time for the cell to grow and synthesize enough organelles for mitosis to take place

Back 15

Gap phase

Front 16

eukaryotic chromosomes consist of DNA associated with globular proteins called ____

Back 16

histones

Front 17

in eukaryotes, the DNA-histone combination is called _____

Back 17

chromatin

Front 18

what does the mnemonic IPPMAT stand for?

Back 18

interphase is followed by prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 19

what are the 5 sub-phases of mitosis?

Back 19

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 20

mitosis begins with ______, when chromosomes condense into compact structures

Back 20

prophase

Front 21

prophase is marked by the formation of the _____ apparatus

Back 21

spindle apparatus

Front 22

the _____ is a structure that produces mechanical forces that pull chromosomes to the poles, and push the poles away from each other

Back 22

spindle apparatus

Front 23

in the spindle apparatus, _____ microtubules extend from each spindle and overlap each other in the middle of the cell. ______ tubules attach to the chromosomes

Back 23

polar microtubules cross the cell to bush the cell apart, kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosomes

Front 24

a ____ contains a pair of centrioles

Back 24

centrosome

Front 25

in _______, the nucleolus disappears the the nuclear envelops disintegrates. kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosomes.

Back 25

prometaphase

Front 26

in ______, centrosomes have moved to the opposite poles, and the kinetochore microtubules finish moving the chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

Back 26

metaphase "middle phase"

Front 27

in ____, the sister chromatids are separated, and chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Back 27

anaphase "against phase"

Front 28

in ______, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the spindle apparatus disintegrates. chromosomes begin to de-condense

Back 28

telophase "end phase"

Front 29

after telophase, _____ begins, and the cell is divided into two daughter cells

Back 29

cytokinesis

Front 30

in plants, the cell divides at the_____
in animals, the cell divides at the _____

Back 30

plant cells divide at the cell plate
animal cells divide at the cleavage furrow

Front 31

at the cleavage furrow, a ring of ______ bisects the cell

Back 31

actin filaments

Front 32

microtubules move chromosomes along during mitosis by losing ____ dimers at the ____

Back 32

by losing tubulin dimers at the kinetochore

Front 33

at which end do microtubules lose tubulin dimers? the plus or minus end?

Back 33

the plus end, at the kinetochore

Front 34

a structure composed of a DNA molecule and associated proteins is a _______

Back 34

chromosome

Front 35

the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes, consists of a DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins

Back 35

chromatin

Front 36

one strand of replicated chromosome is a ______

Back 36

chromatid

Front 37

the two strands of a replicated chromosome, containing identical genetic material

Back 37

sister chromatids

Front 38

the structure that joins sister chromatids

Back 38

centromere

Front 39

the structures on sister chromatids where kinetochore microtubules attach

Back 39

kinetochore

Front 40

any structure that organizes microtubules

Back 40

microtubule organizing center

Front 41

the microtubule organizing center in animals is the ___

Back 41

centrosome

Front 42

cylindrical structures that comprise microtubules, located inside animal centrosomes

Back 42

centrioles

Front 43

in rapidly dividing cells, ___ phase is essentially eliminated

Back 43

G1

Front 44

most non-dividing cells do not leave ____ phase

Back 44

G1. this is sometimes called G-zero. an example is nerve cells

Front 45

___ induces mitosis in all eukaryotes

Back 45

MPF "mitosis promoting factor"

Front 46

MPF - mitosis promoting factor- is made of _______ and _____

Back 46

protein kinase and cyclins

Front 47

the protein kinase of MPF can be active only when bound to the ____

Back 47

cyclin

Front 48

MPF is deactivated during _____, when its cyclin is degraded. an example of negative feedback.

Back 48

anaphase

Front 49

cells that keep diving because they lack the proper cell cycle checkpoints are called _____

Back 49

tumors

Front 50

there are three checkpoints in the first four phases of the cell cycle. where are they?

Back 50

G1, G2, Metaphase

Front 51

what does the G1 checkpoint look for?

Back 51

size, availability of nutrients, social signals, damage to DNA

Front 52

if the G1 checkpoint finds damaged DNA, the p53 protein activates the cells programmed destruction, called ____

Back 52

apoptosis

Front 53

regulatory proteins like p53 are called ____

Back 53

tumor suppressors

Front 54

what stops cells at the G2 checkpoint?

Back 54

if MPF is not activated, or DNA or chromosomes are not replicated correctly

Front 55

what stops cells at the metaphase checkpoint?

Back 55

if chromosomes are not all attached properly to the spindle apparatus

Front 56

___ is a general term for disease caused by cells that divide in an uncontrolled fashion, invade nearby tissues, and spread throughout the body

Back 56

cancer

Front 57

what are the two defects cancer cells have?

Back 57

1. the proteins required for cell growth are active when they shouldnt be
2. tumor supressor genes are not shutting down the cell cycle

Front 58

a _____ tumor is one that is cancerous

Back 58

malignant

Front 59

masses of noninvasive cells are noncancerous and form ____ tumors

Back 59

benign

Front 60

____ is the process of cancer cells spreading from the primary tumor site and invading other tissues

Back 60

metastasis

Front 61

cancer is seldom due to a ____ defect. Most cancers develop only after ____ genes have been damaged

Back 61

seldom due to a single defect, most develop only after several genes have been damaged