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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy
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expressed in kJ or kcal, required to do work
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work
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any change in state of motion or matter, requires energy
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energy conversion
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energy changing forms
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Potential energy
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capacity to do work
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Kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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1st law of termodynamics
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conservation of energy
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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Every energy conversion increases the entropy of the universe.
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Entropy
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spreading of energy
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Metabolism
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sum of chemical activities in an organism
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Metabolism
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sum of chemical activities in an organism
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Anabolism, Anabolic reactions
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Processes that builed complex molecules from simpler ones.
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Catabolism, catabolic reactions
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processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
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Free energy
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energy available to do work in a chemical reactiion, changes depend on bond energies and concentrations of reactants/products
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bond energy
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energy required to break a bond
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dynamic equilibrium
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forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
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exergonic reactions
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the products have less free energy than the reactants, energy is released, spontaneous, favored reaction
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endergonic reactions
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the products have more free energy than the reactants, energy must be supplied from the exergonic reactions, not spontaneous
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coupled reaction
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endergonic and exergonic reactions couple to provide the free energy for the endergonic reaction
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ATP
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the main energy currency in cells; a nucleotide with adenine base, ribose sugar, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups;
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phosphorylated compounds
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the inorganic phosphate is removed from ATP transferred onto another compound rather than being immediately released; usually coupled with ATP hydrolysis
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Redox reactions
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reduction, gain electrons; oxidation, lose electrons; both occur simultaneously in cells;
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
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a common intermediate acceptor
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NADP+/NADPH
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important in photosynthesis
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FAD/FADH2
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flavin adenine dinucleotide
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Cytochromes
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small iron-containing proteins; iron serves as electron acceptor
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Enzymes
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regulate chemical reactions in living organisms; work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction; lower activation energy by forming a complex with the substrate(s)
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catalyst
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substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction;
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activation energy
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the energy required to break existing bonds
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enzyme-substrate complex
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binding of an enzyme with a substrate (reactant)
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active site
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the site where the substrate(s) binds to the enzyme
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induced fit
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when the enzyme-substrate complex forms, there are typically shape changes in the enzyme and substrate(s)
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cofactors
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needed in order for an enzyme to function; can be organic or inorganic; organics(coenzymes)=ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2
inorganics=metal ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, etc |
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inhibitors
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reduce or eliminate catalytic activity
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activators
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allow or enhance catalytic activity
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allosteric site
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a receptor site on an enzyme where an inhibitor or activator can bind
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feedback inhibition
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where the last product in a metabolic pathway binds to an allosteric site of an enzyme in an early step of the pathway (often the first) and inhibits activity of the enzyme
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irreversible inhibition
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enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed; includes many drugs and toxins
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reversible inhibition
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if inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered
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competitive inhibition
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inhibitor is similar in structure to a substrate; competes with substrate for binding to the active site
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noncompetitive inhibition
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binds at allosteric site, alters enzyme shape to make active site unavailable
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