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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 types of seed plants
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gymnosperms and angiosperms
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gymnosperms
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(means naked seed)-development of seeds at surface of reproductive structure-reproduction takes place in cones which are produced by mature plant
confiers--->cones ex. pine |
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angiosperms
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flowering plants-reproduction takes place within protective structures of the flower
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pedicel
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flower stem
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receptacle
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enlarged end of the pedicel that supports the remainder of the flower
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sepals
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leaflike strcutres that protect the bud before it opens
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calyx
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a complete circle of sepals
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petals
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usually colorful to attract insects and animals for pollination: surround the reproductive organs
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stamen
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the male reproductive organs of flowers: made up of anther and filament
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anther
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top of the stamen: where cells undergo meiosis, producing haploid (monoploid) male gametophytes-pollen grains
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filament
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long, thin stalk that supports the anther-elevates anther for increase in insect interaction or wind dispersal
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pistil (aka carpel)
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female reproductive organs of flowers: produces the female gametophytes; 3 parts: stigma, style, and ovary
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stigma
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top of the pistil- has a sticky surface to collect pollen grains
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style
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support stalk of the stigma and a conducting tube--connects stigma and ovary
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ovary
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bottom of pistil-contains the ouvle-develps into a fruit
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ovules
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inside the ovary-where the female gametophytes are produced by meiosis
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pollination definition
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the tranfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
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self-pollination
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a) from the anther to the stigma of the same flower
b) from the anther to the stigma of a different flower on the same plant |
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cross-pollination
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from the anther to the stigma of a flower on a different plant
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whats the plus of cross-pollination and the minus of self-pollination?
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cross-pollination=increases genetic make-up
self-pollination=limits genetic make-up |
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artificial pollination
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pollination with human interaction
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what are ways of transporting pollen?
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wind, water, insects, and animals (ex. birds and bats)
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what are flowers ways of attracting things to it for pollination???
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1) petals
2) nectars 3) fragrances (ex. good smells, bad smells-flies) |
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nectar
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a sugary solution
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explain the process of fertilization
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1) pollen grain sticks to the stigma
2)pollen grain splits open and begins to grow a pollen tube which reaches the ovary 3)Sperm nucleus produces two haplod sperm 4) One fertilizes the egg, producing a diploid zygote 5) One joins with 2 polar nuclei at the cells center producing endosperm |
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endosperm
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developed by mitosis and will be used as food by the embryo
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zygote in a plant
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seed
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1. what does the ovule develop into?
2. what does the ovary develop into? |
1. seed
2. fruit |
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what are the two functions of fruit??
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1) fruits protect the seed
2) fruits assist in seed dispersal |
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simple fruit
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has a single ovary
ex. cherries, tomatoes |
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aggregate fruit
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several ovaries in 1 flower-strawberries
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multiplez fruit
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many flowers, form 1 fruit- ex. pineapple
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cotyledon
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seed leaf/may store food taken from the endosperm-contains nutrients for the developing plant embryo
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monocot
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1 cotyledon
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dicots
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2 cotyleden
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epicotyl
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becomes the upper portion of the stem and the leaves
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hypocotyl
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becomes the lower portion of the plant (along with the RADICIE) producing roots
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explain the life cycle of angiosperms
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1) the anther undergoes meoiosis and produces four haploid spore cells-become a single pollen grain
2) the pollen grain undergoes one mitotic division to produce two haplod nuclei 3) the pollen grain is released from the anther and deposited on a stigma 4) a single diploid cell in the ovary goes through meiosis to produce four haploid cells, three of which disintergrate. 5) the remaining cell undergoes mitosis to produce eight nuclei-the embryo sac 6) if fertilization takes place, the egg nucleus will develop into a zygote |
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embryo sac
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eight nuclei from a mitotic divison and the surrounding membrane-the embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a flowering plant
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double fertilization
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the fertilization iin angiosperms because two fertilization events take place between male and female gametophytes
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what are seeds dispersed by animals like?
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they are usually contained in fleshy, nutritious fruit which provides nutrients for the animal and also helps the pplant to disperse its seeds
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what are seeds dispersed by wind or water like?
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they are typically lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the air or to float on the surface of the water.
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dormancy
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seed dormancy is when seeds will not grow when they first mature. they enter a period of dormancy during which the embryo is alive but not growing. the length of dormancy varies in different plants
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what environmental factors can cause dormancy to end?
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temperature and moisture
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what are three environmental facors needed for a seed to germinate?
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1) oxygen
2) sufficient moisture 3) good temperatures |
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what are ways that seed dormancy is adaptive?
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1) it can allow for long-distance dispersal ex. coconuts
2) it allows seeds to germinate under ideal growth conditions |
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seed germination
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the early growth state of the plant embryo-when the seed begins to grow
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why do seeds absorb water when they germinate?
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the water causes the endosperm to swell, cracking open the seed coat. Through the cracked seed coat, the young root emerges and begins to grow.
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vegetative reproduction
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the production of new plants from horizontal stems, from plantlets, and from underground roots
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plant propagation
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using cuttings, grafting, or budding to make many identical copies of a plant or to produce offspring from a seedless plant
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cuttings
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cutting a piece of a plant off and growing a new one
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grafting
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stems are cut off of plants, are attached to a new plant, and are grown
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