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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Adaptation
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Evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring.
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It is NOT the same as evolution.
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Biology
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The study of life.
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Seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.
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Development
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All of the changes that take place during the life of an organisms.
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A characteristic of all living things.
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Energy
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The ability to cause change
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Used to perform biological functions
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Environment
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Biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust
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Includes air, water, weather, temperature, other organisms, etc.
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Evolution
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The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time.
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Such as the evolution of the Pteradactyl into the bird.
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Growth
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Increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism.
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A characteristic of all living things.
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Homeostasis
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An organism's regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival.
AKA: The process of maintaining equilibrium in cells' internal environments. |
A characteristic of all living things.
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Organism
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Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life
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Made up of cells.
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Organization
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Orderly structure of cells in an organism
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A characteristic of all living things.
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Reproduction
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The ability to produce offspring
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A characteristic of all living things.
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Response
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An organism's reaction to a change in its internal or external environment
AKA: reaction to a stimulus |
Sorry, No hint
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Species
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A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
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Last level of classification.
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Stimulus
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Anything in an organism's internal or external environment that causes the organism to react.
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Causes a response.
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Control
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The standard against which results are compared. (Is not being tested.)
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Sorry, no hint.
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Data
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Info obtained from experiments
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also called experimental results.
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Dependent Variable
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The condition that results from changes in the independent variable.
"Depends on the independent variable" |
On the y-axis of a graph
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Experiment
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a procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting info under controlled conditions.
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Part of the Scientific Method.
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Hypothesis
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An explanation for a question/problem that can be formally tested.
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Not an educated guess.
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Independent Variable
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The condition that is tested because it affects the outcome of an experiment.
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On the x-axis of a graph
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Safety Symbol
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a symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricity, heat, or experimental procedures.
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Sorry, No Hint.
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Scientific Methods
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Procedures that biologists and other scientists use to gather info and answer questions
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THE scientific method is
1. Observing the problem 2. Making a hypothesis 3. Collecting data(by performing an experiment) 4. Publishing results 5. Forming a theory 6. Develop new hypothesis 7. Revise Theory |
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Theory
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Explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.
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Sorry, no Hint
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Ethics
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The moral principles and calues held by humans
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Like, the Code of Ethics in Journalism.
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Technology
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Application of scientific research to society's needs and problems
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ex. Computers, iPods, Palm Pilots, etc.
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Acid
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Any substance that forms Hydrogen (H+) ions in water
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the pH is below 7.
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Atom
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The smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
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Basic building block of all matter
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Base
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Any substance that forms Hydroxide (OH-) ions in water
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the pH is above 7
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Compound
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A substance that is composed of 2+ different elements that are chemically combined
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Sorry, no hint. But remember, compound means grouped.
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Covalent Bond
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The chemical bond fprmed when 2 atoms share e-.
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Holds together a molecule.
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Element
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A substance that can't be broken down into simpler chemical substances
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Remember the Periodic Table of Elements
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Ion
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A charged particle made up of atoms
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Sorry, no hint
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Ionic Bond
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The chemical bond formed by the attractive forces between 2 ions of opposite charge.
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Give and take e-.
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Isotope
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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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Sorry, no hint
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Metabolism
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All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
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Sorry, no hint
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Mixture
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A combo of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties
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Different than a solution
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Molecule
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A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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has no overall charge
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Nucleus(of an atom)
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The positively charged center of an atom composed of n0 and positively charged p+otons but is surrounded by negatively charged e-.
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This is not the same as the nucleus of a cell.
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pH
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THe measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
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The scale ranges from below 0 to above 14
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Solution
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Mixture in which 1+ subtances are distributed evenly in another substance
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Includes solutes and solvents
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Diffusion
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Net, random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Eventually results in even distribution
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Solvent
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The substance that the solute(s) is distributed into.
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Part of a mixture
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Solute
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The substance that are distributed evenly in a solvent
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Part of a mixture
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Polar molecule
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Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive AND negative end.
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Water is polar.
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Nucleus(of a cell)
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The central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA
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Only in eukaryotic cells.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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A condition in which there is continuous movement but no overall change.
AKA: even distribution |
Usually the result of diffusion
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Hydrogen Bond
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The attraction of positively charged H+ atoms to other negatively charged atoms.
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This is a weak bond.
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Amino Acid
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The basic building blocks of proteins
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There are about 20 common ones.
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Carbohydrate
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A biomolecule composed of C, H, and O with a ratio of about 2 H atoms and 1 O atom for every C atom.
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Starches, sugars, etc.
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Enzyme
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A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
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Fits into a substrate
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Isomer
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a compounds that have the same chemical formula but different 3-D structures.
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Sorry, No hint
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Lipid
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Large biomolecules that are made up of mostly C and H atoms with a litle bit of O atoms.
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fats, oils, etc.
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Nucleic Acid
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A complex biomolecule that stores cellular info in the form of a code.
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DNA and RNA
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Nucleotide
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the smaller subunits that make up polymers.
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Sorry, No hint
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Peptide bond
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The covalent bond formed between amino acids
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Sorry, No hint
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Polymer
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A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
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Formed by nucleotides
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Protein
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A large, complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes Sulfur.
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Such as enzymes.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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A condition in which there is continuous movement but no overall change.
AKA: even distribution |
Usually the result of diffusion
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Hydrogen Bond
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The attraction of positively charged H+ atoms to other negatively charged atoms.
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This is a weak bond.
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Amino Acid
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The basic building blocks of proteins
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There are about 20 common ones.
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Carbohydrate
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A biomolecule composed of C, H, and O with a ratio of about 2 H atoms and 1 O atom for every C atom.
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Starches, sugars, etc.
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Enzyme
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A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
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Fits into a substrate
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Isomer
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a compounds that have the same chemical formula but different 3-D structures.
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Sorry, No hint
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Lipid
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Large biomolecules that are made up of mostly C and H atoms with a litle bit of O atoms.
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fats, oils, etc.
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Nucleic Acid
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A complex biomolecule that stores cellular info in the form of a code.
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DNA and RNA
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Nucleotide
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the smaller subunits that make up polymers.
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Sorry, No hint
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Peptide bond
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The covalent bond formed between amino acids
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Sorry, No hint
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Polymer
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A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
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Formed by nucleotides
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Protein
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A large, complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes Sulfur.
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Such as enzymes.
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Cell
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Basic unit of all organisms
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All organisms are composed of cells.
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Cell Theory
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The theory that all organisms are composed of 1+ cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms and that all cells come from preexisting cells.
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Has 3 parts.
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Compound Light Microscope
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an instrument that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps and can magnify an object upto 1500x its original size.
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Sorry, no hints
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E- Microscope
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an instrument that uses a beam of e- to magnify structures up to 500000 times actual size. It also allows scientists to view the structures inside the cell.
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Does not use light
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Eukaryote
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unicellular or multicellular organisms that contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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Sorry, no hints
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Chloroplast
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organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists. Site where photosynthesis takes place(converts light energy into chemical energy)
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Contains chlorophyll
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Organelle
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membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells.
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Sorry, no hints
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Prokaryote
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unicellular organisms that lack internal membrane-bound structures.
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Has no nucleus...
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer
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Sorry, no hints
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Phospholipid
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Lipids with an attatched phosphate group
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Make up the plasma membrane.
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Plasma Membrane
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The flexible boundary between the cell and its environment. It allows some materials such as water and nutrients in waste products to leave
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Composed of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
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Selective Permeability
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the feature of the plasma membrane that maintains homeostasis within the cell by allowing some molecules into the cell while keeping others out.
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Sorry, no hints
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Transport Proteins
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Proteins that span the plama membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave the cell.
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Sorry, no hints
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Cell Wall
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the fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists. It provides support and protection.
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Sorry, no hints
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Chlorophyll
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light-absorbing pigment in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis. It absorbs most wavelengths except green
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Gives off a green color
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Chromatin
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Long strands of DNA found in eukaryotic cell's nucleus.
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They condense to form chromosomes
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Cilia
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Short, numerous, hairlike projections composed of pairs of MICROTUBULES.
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Aid in locomotion.
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Cytoplasm
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Clear, gelatinous fluid in cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions.
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In the eukaryotic cell, it suspends the cell's organelles.
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Cytoskeleton
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cellular framework found within the cytoplasm composed of MICROTUBULES and MICROFILAMENTS.
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sorry, no hint
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Endoplasmic Reticulum. AKA: E.R.
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organelle in eukaryotic cells with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in cytoplasm. The site of chemical reactions and can either be rough(with ribosomes) or smooth
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Two types: rough and smooth
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Flagella
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Long projections composed of MICROTUBULES. Found only on SOME cell surfaces.
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Help propel the cells and organisms by a whiplike motion.
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Golgi apparatus(golgi body)
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the organelle with a system of flattened tubular membranes. It sorts and packs proteins and sends them to their appropriate destinations.
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Only in eukaryotic cells.
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Lysosome
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organelles that contain digestive enzymes and digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed virus/bacteria.
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sorry, no hint
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Microfilament
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thin, solid, protein fibers that provide structural support for eukaryotic cells.
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sorry, no hint
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Microtubule
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thin, hollow cylindars made of protein that provide structural support for eukaryotic cells.
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sorry, no hint
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Mitochondria
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Eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules and has a highly folded inner membrane that produces energy-storing molecules.
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Site where cellular respiration ends(it begins in the cytoplasm).
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Nucleolus
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organelle in the eukaryotic cell's nucleus that produces enzymes.
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Does not control the cell.
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Plastids
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group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments
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sorry, no hint
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Ribosome
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nonmembrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where proteins are assembled.
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Are on the rough ER
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Vacuole
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membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials.
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Gets rid of waste products.
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Active transport
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movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient
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Uses energy
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endocytosis
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A process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment
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Endo means in
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exocytosis
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The expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.
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Exo mean out.
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facilitated diffusion
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Passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins.
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Type of passive transport.
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hypertonic solution
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THe concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell.
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The cell shrinks.
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hypotonic solution
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The concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell.
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The cells swells.
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isotonic solution
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the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration inside the cell
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(No change)
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osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Passive Transport.
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passive transport
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When the cell uses no energy to move particles that pass through the plasma membrane.
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Does not need energy
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anaphase
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the third phase of mitosis when the centromeres split apart and the chromatid pairs from each chromosome seperate from each other
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A stage of Mitosis(IPMAT)
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cell cycle
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The sequence of growth and division that a cell goes through
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Includes Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
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centriole
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Small, dark, cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules
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located outside the nucleus
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centromere
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A structure that holds sister chromatids together and plays a role in chromosome movement during mitosis
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It is the circle in the middle of the
>*< |
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chromosome
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Short, stringy structures that contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained. Appear in the nucleus before mitosis and disappear after.
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come from chromatin.
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cytokinesis
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The process after mitosis in which the cytoplasm splits
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sorry, no hint
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Interphase
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The cell growth period where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division.
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Before Mitosis. Includes G1, S, and G2 phase. Some cells do not continue to Mitosis.
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Metaphase
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The short 2nd period of Mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the "equator" of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a seperate spindle fiber.
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Part of Mitosis.
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Mitosis
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The period of nuclear cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
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Second stage of the cell cycle.
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Organ
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a group of 2+ tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism.
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Larger than a tissue.
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Organ system
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Multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function.
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Larger than an organ.
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Prophase
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The first and longest stage of Mitosis in whichthe chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
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Part of Mitosis
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Sister chromatid
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Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis, the halves are held together byb a centromere.
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>*<{<-- sister chromatid)
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Spindle
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Cell structures composed of microtubule fibers. It forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids.
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sorry no hints
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Telophase
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The final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence.
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Part of Mitosis
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Tissue
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groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
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Smaller than an organ.
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Cancer
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uncontrolled mitosis resulting from changes in the enzyme production or environmental factors.
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Most common are breast cancer, prostrate cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer.
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Gene
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A segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle
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sorry no hints
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Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
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energy-storing molecule in cells composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. Energy is stored in the molecule's chemical bonds and can be used quickly and easily by the cells.
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Tri = 3
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Adenosine Diphosphate(ADP)
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The Molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP. It results in a release of energy that is used for biological functions, but not as large an amount as ATP.
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Di = 2
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Calvin Cycle
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A series of light-independent reactions during photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from CO2 using ATP and H from the light-dependent reactions.
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During the 2nd stage of photosynthesis.
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E- Transport Chain
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A series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized e- are transported and as e- are passed down from molecule to molecule, energy is released.
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Final stage of Cellular Respiration
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Light-dependent reactions
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The phase of photosynthesis where light is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP, resulting in the splitting water and the release of O2
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First stage of Photosynthesis
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Light-independent reactions
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the phase of photosynthesis where energy from the light dependent reactions is used to produce C6H12O6 and additional ATP molecules.
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2nd stage of photosynthesis
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NADP+
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E- carrier molecule and when carrying excited e-, it becomes NADPH.
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate.
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photlysis
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A reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where 2 molecules of water are split to form 1/2 O ion, 2 H ions, and 2 e-.
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Restores e-.
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photosynthesis
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The process by which autotrophs trap energy from the sun with chlorophyll and use this energy to convert CO2 and H2O into simple sugars.
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Photo - light
Synthesis - to be put together |
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pigment
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Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
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Such as chlorophyll.
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aerobic
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Chemical reactions that require O2
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sorry no hints
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alcoholic fermentation
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the anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into CO2 and ethyl alcohol and is carried out by many bacteria such as yeasts.
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May occur after Glycolysis
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anaerobic
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Chemical reactions that do not require O2
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sorry no hints
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cellular respiration
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Chemical process where mitochondsria break down food molecules to produce ATP. produces 36 ATP in all, usually.
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Occurs in ALL organisms
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Citric Acid Cycle
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The series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP. It energizes e- carriers that pass the e- on to the e- transport chain.
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Second stage of cellular respitation
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Glycolysis
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The series of anaerobic reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid and forms a net profit of 2 ATP molecules
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First stage of Cellular Respiration
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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The series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis. It supplies energy when O2 is scarce.
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sorry no hints
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Binomial Nomenclature
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A classification system that helps in naming species. the first word identifies the genus of the organism and the 2nd word is the species.
Invented by Linnaeus. |
Bi - 2(two parts to the name)
Ex. Homo sapiens (must be italicized) |
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Class
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A taxon of similar orders
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Classification
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The grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
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sorry no hints
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Division
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Used by plant taxonomists instead of phylum
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Family
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A group of similar genus
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Genus
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A group of similar species
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Kingdom
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The largest taxon/a taxon of similar phyla or divisions
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Order
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A taxon of similar families
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Phylum
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a taxon of similar classes
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One of the 7 levels or classification
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Specific Epithet
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the second word used in the binomial nomenclature that sometimes describes characteristics of an organism
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Also called species in the binomial nomenclature
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Taxonomy
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the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
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sorry no hints
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Cladistics
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Biological classification system based on phylogeny and assumes that as groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain derived traits.
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Cladogram is the branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species based on the derived traits of a group of organisms.
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Protist
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diverse group of multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments.
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May be both auto and heterotrophs
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Eubacteria
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Group of prokaryotic cells with strong cell walls and a variety of structures.
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May be both auto and heterotrophs
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Fungus
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Group of unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that don't move from place to place and they absorb nutrients from organic materials in the environment.
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sorry no hints
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Phylogeny
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Evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of structures and comparisons of modern life forms with fossils.
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sorry no hints
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