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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell theory proposed by ___? |
Rudolf Virchowstates |
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The one who said that "cell comes from pre-existing cells" |
Rudolf Virchowstates |
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Is a means of a cellular reproduction in bacterial cells |
Binary fission |
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What are the parts of parent cells? |
•chromosomes •cell wall •cytoplasm •cytoplasmic membrane |
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Cellular reproduction is a complex process that is divided into 2 distinct stages |
1. Cellular growth and maturation 2. Cell division |
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It include attainment of its normal size, assembly of necessary organelles and cellular components, accumulation of enough energy, storage of the essential materials, and the replication of its genetic content. |
Maturation process |
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Organelles involved in cell division |
•Chromatin fiber, Chromosomes •Centromere containing the kinetochore •Centriole •Spindle fiber •Microtubules •Nuclear membrane |
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series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. |
Cell cycle |
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A cell spends most of its time in what is called? |
Interphase |
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The resulting cells, known as ___ each enter their own interphase and begin a new round of the cell cycle. |
Daughter cells |
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The cell grows, and DNA is replicated |
Eukaryotic cell cycle |
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Produces daughter cells identical to the parent |
Mitotic cell division |
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The timing of ___ and ___ is highly regulated |
Replication, cell division |
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What are the 2 major phases of eukaryotic cell cycle? |
•Interphase •Mitosis |
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Has 3 stages and DNA is not condensed |
Interphase |
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Has 4 stages + cytokinesis and DNA is condensed |
Mitosis |
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The 3 non-dividing state with 3 sub-stages of interphase |
•G1 (gap 1) •S phase (Synthesis phase) •G2 (gap 2) |
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Cell grows in size and organelles are replicated |
Gap 1 |
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The replication of DNA and synthesis with proteins associated with DNA |
Synthesis phase |
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Synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis |
Gap 2 |
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What are the 4 sub-phases of mitosis? |
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Followed by cytokinesis |
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What are the 3 major events of prophase |
1. Chromosomes condensed 2. Spindle fibers form 3. Chromosomes are captured by spindle |
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Is the specialised microtubules radiating out from centriole |
Spindle fibers |
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chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, with one chromatid facing each pole |
Metaphase |
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Where the sister chromatids seperate |
Anaphase |
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In anaphase the ____ attached to kinetochores shorten and pull chromatids towards the poles. |
Spindle fibers |
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In anaphase the ____ lengthen and push the poles of the cell apart |
Free spindle fibers |
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The spindle fibers disintegrate |
Telophase |
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nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes |
Telophase |
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chromosomes revert to their extended state |
Telophase |
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cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter nucleus into a separate cell |
Telophase |
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undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate between the two daughter nuclei. |
Plant cells |
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undergo cytokinesis through the formation of a cleavage furrow. A ring of microtubules contract, pinching the cell in half. |
Animal cells |
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How do cells know when to divide? |
These are called cell cycle checkpoints, which are like traffic signals that will tell the cell to either “stop” or “go” to the next stage. |
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ensures that the cell is ready to undergo DNA synthesis or S phase |
G1 checkpoint |
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make sure that the cell is mature enough to undergo M-phase |
G2 checkpoint |
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will see to it that the cell is ready to complete cell division |
M checkpoint |
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Programmed cell death |
Apoptosis |
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they no longer respond to many of the signals that control cellular growth and death. |
Cancer cells |
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originate within tissues and, as they grow and divide, they diverge ever further from normalcy. |
Cancer cells |
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most cancer cells possess __ or more mutations |
60 |
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Each daughter cell contains ___ chromosomes as the parent cell. |
46 (2n) |
