Biology Ap Chapter 40 Vocabulary: Human Body Tissues

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

structure

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

function

Front 3

body plan (design)

Back 3

result of a pattern of development programmed by the genome
-an animals size and shape

Front 4

fusiform

Back 4

elongated and tapering at both ends; spindle-shaped
-streamlined body plan; move through water w/ ease

Front 5

gastrovascular cavity

Back 5

an extensive pouch that serves as the site of extrcellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animals body

Front 6

villi/microvilli

Back 6

finger-like projections of the inner surface of the small intestines

Front 7

interstitial fluid

Back 7

internal environment of vertebrates
-fills the soace between our cells
-exchanges nutrients and waste with blood through capillaries

Front 8

epitheleal tissue

Back 8

-occur in sheets of tightly packed cells
-covers outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
-cells are closely joined with liitle-no material between them
--this allows the epithelium to function as a barrier to protect against invasive microorganisms and mechanical injury

Front 9

pseudostratified

Back 9

single layered but appears to have several layers

Front 10

stratified

Back 10

multiple layers of cellse

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apicul surface

Back 11

The side of the tissue facing the lumen

Front 12

lumen

Back 12

the canal, duct, or cavity of a tubular organ

Front 13

basal surface

Back 13

the bottom edge of the epithelial tissue abuts the basement membrane

Front 14

basal lamina

Back 14

The ventral division of the lateral walls of the neural tube in the embryo, containing the neuroblasts that give rise to the somatic and visceral motor neurons

Front 15

extra cellurlar matrix (ECM)

Back 15

the substance in which animal cells are embedded
-made up of proteins and polysaccharides

Front 16

firbroblast

Back 16

a type of cell with loose connective tissue that secreates the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers

Front 17

macrophage

Back 17

ameoboid cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing bacteria and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis

Front 18

collagenous fibers

Back 18

made of collagen
-most abundant protein in animal kingdom
-nonelastic and do not tear easily when pulled length-wise
ex. collagen keeps flesh from tearing away from bone when it is pulled on

Front 19

reticular fibers

Back 19

-very thin and branched
-composed of collagen and continuous with collagen fibers
-they form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Front 20

elastic fibers

Back 20

long threads made of a protein called elastin
-provide rubbery quality that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers
ex. when you pinch the back of your hand, elastic fibers quickly restore the skin to its natural state

Front 21

connective tissue

Back 21

functions to bind and support other tissues
-sparse population of cells scattered through ECM
-matrix consists of a web of fibers embedded in a uniform foundation that may be liquid, jelly-like, or solid
-in most cases, the substances that make up the matrix are secreted by the connective tissue

Front 22

tendon

Back 22

connects muscle to bone

Front 23

ligament

Back 23

connects bone to bone

Front 24

osteoblast

Back 24

bone forming cells

Front 25

osteon

Back 25

repeating units that make up bones (haversion systems)
-each osteon has concentric layers of the mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves that service the bone
-once osteoblasts are trapped in their own secretions, they are called osteocytes

Front 26

haversian canal

Back 26

-a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae
-compact bone
-surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout the bone and communicate with osteocytes

Front 27

plasma

Back 27

matrix in blood
-consists of water, salts, and a variety pf dissolved proteins
-contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 28

erythrocyte

Back 28

red blood cell
-carry oxygen

Front 29

leukocyte

Back 29

white blood cell
-function in defense against viruses, bacteria, and other invaders

Front 30

thrombocyte

Back 30

platelets
-aid in blood clotting

Front 31

adipose

Back 31

-specialized form of loose connective tissue
-stores fat
-pads and insulates the body
-each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat as fuel

Front 32

cartilage

Back 32

-has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of chondroitin sulfate
-strong but flexible support material

Front 33

chondrocyte

Back 33

cartilage cells

Front 34

chondroitin sulfate

Back 34

a protein-carbohydrate comlex
-secreted by chondrocytes

Front 35

skeletal muscle

Back 35

-responsile ofor voluntary movements of body
-striated
-attached to bones by tendons

Front 36

sacromere

Back 36

the fundamental, repeating unit of striated muscle, delimited by the Z lines
-functional units that make up the skeletal muscle

Front 37

striated

Back 37

arrangement of overlapping filaments gives the cells a striped appearance under the microscope

Front 38

smooth muscle

Back 38

-lack striations
-found in walls of digestive tract, unrinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs
-cells are spindle shaped
-contract more slowly than skeletal muscles but can remain contracted longer
-rosponsible for involuntary body activities

Front 39

cardiac muscle

Back 39

forms the contractile wall of the heart
-striated and branched
-ends of cells are joined by structures caller intercalated discs

Front 40

intercalated discs

Back 40

relay signals from cell to cell during a heartbeat

Front 41

nervous tissue

Back 41

senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another
-functional unit is neuron

Front 42

neuron

Back 42

nerve cell
-specialized to transmit signals called nerve impulses
-consists of cell body, dendrites, and axons
dendrites: transmit impulses, from their tips to the rest of the neuron
axon: transmit impulses from nueron to effector

Front 43

glia

Back 43

supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous sustem and for the normal functioning neurons

Front 44

dendryte

Back 44

transmit impulses from their tips toward the rest of the nueron

Front 45

axon

Back 45

transmit impulses towards another nuerong or towards an effector

Front 46

hormone

Back 46

chemical signals found inn all multicellurlar organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluid, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism but interacting with target cells