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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glucose catabolism is also known as_____and is completed in the _____.
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aerobic respiration; mitochondria
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1. What is the initial site of gastrulation in amphibians?
2. In amphibians, what is the infolding through which blastula migrate during gastrulation? 3. What is the archenteron? |
1. gray crescent
2. blastopore 3. primitive gut that results from gastrulation |
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T/F: Proteins can self-replicate.
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False
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Four characteristics of human gamete.
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1. contains haploid genes
2. have X and Y chromosome 3. is a result of meiosis 4. has genetic material that has undergone recombination |
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Which organelle lacks a membrane?
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ribosomes
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What is cAMP?
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a second messenger formed from ATP via adenylate cyclase that triggers a cascade of intracellular reactions after a hormone binds to the cell membrane
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The Krebs Cycle:
a. occurs in: b. is linked to glycolysis via: c. produces: |
a. mitochondrial matrix
b. pyruvate c. 4NADH/2FADH2/2 ATP |
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What occurs during glycolysis?
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1. converts 1 molecule of glucose to 2 pyruvate
2. produces 2 net ATP 3. in abscence of O2, can undergo fermentation 4. NADH is produced |
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
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inner membrane
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Unequal division of the cytoplasm occurs in:
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production of egg cells
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What does a portal system do?
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carries blood from one set of capillaries through vein to another set of capillaries
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Epithelial cells replicate via:
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mitosis
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Tetrads form during:
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meiosis I; prophase I
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Fusion of nuclei of two gametes occurs in:
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fertilization
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Results in the formation of polar bodies:
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meiosis (oogenesis)
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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to return excess interstitial fluid to the circulatory and keep it from building up in the tissues
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Where does the lymphatic system join with the circulatory system?
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the thoracic duct
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What are two other functions of the lymphatic system?
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1. to enhance immune system via lymph nodes
2. to absorb fats via lacteals |
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What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli during respiration?
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1. to reduce surface tension
2. facilitate gas exchange 3. keep alveoli from collapsing |
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What is the role of panting?
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to cool down body temperature via evaporation
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What is an immune response of the respiratory system?
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the nose; it traps foreign matter inhaled through the air and expels it via sneezing/coughing
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When a drop in blood pH occurs, does the body increase or decrease ventilation?
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the rate and depth of ventilation is increased
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Name the structures and the order O2 travels through them, ending with red blood cells.
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nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea-lungs-bronchus-bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveolar sac-surfactant-alveolar membrane-capillary membrane-red blood cells
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Will blood pressure affect the amount of O2 delivered to tissues?
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no; three things that WILL affect the amount of O2 delivered to tissues is the surface area of the RBC's and alveoli, and the respiration rate
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In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from:
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contraction of the diaphragm
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In "dead spaces" in alveoli, the pressures of O2 and CO2 differ how?
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gas exchange doesn't occur in dead space, so the P O2 is identical to atm P of O2. O2 is taken up by blood, and CO2 is forced out in functioning alveoli; therefore, P O2 will be lower in alveoli than in dead spaces, and P CO2 will be higher than in dead spaces
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A person with emphysema has a ______ P O2 and a _______ P CO2 in the blood compared to a normal person.
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lower; greater
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Which immune cells remain dormant in the lymph nodes until activated by an antigen?
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B cells
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Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?
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because half of the original DNA is incorporated into each daughter strand
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Where does RNA polymerase bind to at the beginning of transcription?
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the promotor region; TATA box of the DNA molecule
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Translation occurs in the _____ and uses energy in the form of _____.
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cytoplasm; GTP
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What are three small scale mutations that can occur to DNA?
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1. Base substitution: A and G are substituted by each other; same with C or T, OR: A or G are substituted by a C or T and visa versa
2. insertions 3. deletions |
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Name the 5 DNA repair mechanisms:
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1. Direct Repair: reverses damage w/out cutting into sugar backbone
2. Base Excision Repair: used when incorrect bases are present in DNA; they are cut out and new, correct bases are put in 3. Mismatch Repairs 4. Nucleotide Excision Repair: removes thymine dimers that result from UV light damage to DNa 5. Post-Replication Repair: fixes double strand breaks; translocations often result |
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The dark stained regions of DNA are _____ while the light stained are _____.
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heterochromatin; euchromatin
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Centrosomes are the sight of _____ formation.
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kinetochore
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Where can telomeres be found?
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at the ends of chromosomes
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What are two levels of DNA packing?
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1. nucleosome (one histone/DNA unit)
2. 30 nm fiber (loops linked by linker DNA/H1) |
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What are the two categories of chromosomal abnormalities?
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1. Numerical
2. Structural |
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What is the difference b/w constitutional and somatic chromosome abnormalities?
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constitutional are in all body cells while somatic are cell specific chromosome abnormalities
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What is:
a. aneuploidy b. monosomy c. trisomy d. tetrasomy |
a. complete chromosomes are missing or in excess (nondisjunction)
b. loss of one chromosome c. gain of one chromosome d. gain of extra pair of homologous chromosomes |
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Which numerical chromosomal abnormality causes the following?
a. Turner's Syndrome b. If autosomal, is always lethal c. Down's Syndrome |
a. monosomy
b. monosomy c. trisomy |
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What is:
a. euploidy b. polyploidy c. monoploidy |
a. a extra, complete set of chromosomes are missing
b. more than 2 sets of chromosomes are present c. a set of chromosomes are missing |
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Which type of chromosomal abnormality results in no change of the chromosome number?
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structural (duplications, deletions, translocations)
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Why is mitochondria only maternally inherited?
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because paternal mitochondria is destroyed when the sperm enters the egg during fertilzation
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What type of mutation results in cystic fibrosis?
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loss of function of a gene; normal gene codes for membrane protein that transports chloride ions in and out of cells
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What type of mutation does Huntington's Disease arise from?
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gain of function of a gene; caused by an expansion of a triplet repeat that code for glutamine; ultimately leads to cell death in nervous system
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How are oncogenes activated?
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1. point mutations
2. amplification 3. chromosomal translocation 4. transposition |
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What is:
1. chromosomal translocation 2. transposition |
1. novel gene is created
2. gene moved from inactive chromatin to active chromatin |
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A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene will result in:
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cancer via loss of function of a gene
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How can a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene occur?
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1. deletion
2. point mutation 3. methylation of DNA that prevents TS gene from being transcribed |
