Biology

Front 1

Program Cell death

Back 1

1. Embryology- scientists grow round worms (tiny org.) and study how they turn into an adult
2. Cells that aren't used are told to die by other cells and they obey
3. The cell is engulfed completely
4.ex. Brain cells are connected to other cells below and are overproduced. The ones we don't need die.

Front 2

Cellulose

Back 2

The primary material of the plant cell wall.

Front 3

Chitin

Back 3

The primary material of a fungus wall.

Front 4

Golgi

Back 4

1. packaging of secretions

Front 5

Why is a cell's DNA important? Name 3 places DNA could be found in a cell.

Back 5

1. Controls how you make protein.
2. Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Front 6

Leucoplasts

Back 6

1. stores starch
2. ex. potato
3. stores starch
4. is white

Front 7

Chlorophyll

Back 7

1. green pigment that traps light energy

Front 8

Lysosome

Back 8

1. suicide bag
2. destroys old cell parts
3. digests food

Front 9

Peroxisome

Back 9

1. destroys toxins or poisons that can kill the cell

Front 10

What are the purposes of glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outside of cell membranes?

Back 10

1. Their antennas search for hormones that are targeting it in its environment.
2. searches for chemical signals too.
3. allows cells to stick to each other.
4. cell is recognized by antibodies or viruses.

Front 11

What is the job of hydrophobic pores in a cell membrane?

Back 11

1. they let fatty things in or anything with a neutral charge
2. they dont let water in

Front 12

Basal Bodies

Back 12

1. arrangement of microtubules= 9 triplets

Front 13

How do hormones and viruses recognize a cell?

Back 13

1. shapes match- surface structure of glycoproteins.
2. recognize by their surface design

Front 14

Nucleus

Back 14

1. control center that houses dns
2. we see dna as a chromosome (double helix) (46) in a cell it has a chromatin shape. dna is the same in all cells

Front 15

Nuclear membrane

Back 15

1. keeps DNA in nucleus
2. has holes in it so ribsomes can leave

Front 16

Nucleolus

Back 16

1. found in the nucleus
2. contains RNA = creates ribosomes which then go to the cytoplasm

Front 17

Mitochondria

Back 17

1. respiration-making energy
2. produces energy
3. requires oxygen
4. inner membrane=cristae- your food goes here and with oxygen it takes the energy and gives it to the cell and it alsm makes a.t.p (energy molecule) this process is called respiration
5. outer membrane
6. it has its own dna to live

Front 18

Microtubules

Back 18

1. gives shape to the cell (construction)-scaffolding
2. made of the protien tubulin
3. one part of the cytoskeleton
4. are in spindlefibers, flagella, centrioles, cilia
5. hairs of cells

Front 19

Cilia

Back 19

1. arrangement of microtubules= 9 pairs plus 2 singles in the middle
2. tiny hairs
3. propels the cell
4. tries to beat the dirt out but its sometimes gets paralyze by nicotine

Front 20

Flagella

Back 20

1. arrangement of microtubules= 9 pairs plus 2 singles
2. long hairs that propel the cell

Front 21

Spindlefibers

Back 21

1. form when the cell divides.
2. made up of microtubules that grab chromosomes in their tightly wrapped form and then seperate them.

Front 22

Centrioles

Back 22

1. only found in animal cells
2. arrangement of microtubules= 9 triplets
3. when the animal cell divides the two centrioles move to oppos. sides and then play the same role in orienting the split.

Front 23

Actin filaments

Back 23

1. pulls the cytoplasm of a cell apart
2. one part of the cytoskeleton
3. made of the protein actin
4. glow green

Front 24

ER

Back 24

1. smooth ER destroys toxins that can kill the cell and it makes fatty steroid hormones
2. transport canals
3. stores ribosomes
4. rough er

Front 25

chloroplasts

Back 25

1. photosynthesis
2. produces glucose
3. stores sugar
4. is green
5. requires carbon dioxide
6. has its own dna

Front 26

Chromoplasts

Back 26

1. contains yellow pigments or any other color except green.
2. stores colors
3. the cell part we see in leaves during autumn
4. contains pigments that can pick up light. the catetenoids pick up wavelengths in order to to turn the energy into food

Front 27

tonoplasts

Back 27

1. large vacuoles-fills water but not 100 percent pure

Front 28

Cell Wall

Back 28

1. contains cellulose (beta glucose)
2. made up of peptidoglycon=protein and carbohydrate
3. primary=cellulose (soft) secondary= lignin (tough)
4. grows lengthwise
5. there is pectic in between cells (jelly like subs.)

Front 29

Fungus cells

Back 29

1. walls are made up of chitin
2. are connected by a hole= cpenocytic
3. holds most of the major cell parts

Front 30

Eucaryotic vs. procaryotic

Back 30

1. has a nucleus, ealier type without a nucleus. the dna hangs loose. ex. bacteria-peptidoglycan=lack of structure

Front 31

Cell membrane

Back 31

1. is made up of phoshpolipids.
2. forms a barrier that keeps things out of th cell.
3. the pores move around and tell what can travel through (size)Also their environment determines what can travel in and out. for example since protein doesnt mind water, water can probably go throughthe pores (hyrdophobi or phillic)
4. the lipids have antennas on their ends
5. membrane is 60% protein and 40% phos.
6. selectively permeable
7. fluid mosaic model with phos. bilayer, protein, pores, glycolipid/protein antennas for rec by anti,horm, virus, adhesion
8. cholesterol not in bact. membrane
9. membranes proteins can be receptore, enzymes, transporters

Front 32

Ribosome

Back 32

1. protein synthesis- by grabbing onto a messenger that come from dna = rna
2. in the cytoplasm
3. makes hemoglobin
4. attached to ER

Front 33

Connection between rough ER, golgi, cell membrane, and lysosome

Back 33

1. the rough ER is connected with other parts of the cell b/c of the ribsomes.
2. the ribosomes make protein that is dumped into the ER
3. the ER makes fats or lipids.
4. vesicles are creates and contain fat and protein.
5. vesicles arrive at the golgi of its membrane. the golgi are stackes that transforms things by combining and breaking things down.
6. golgi makes carbo
7. golgi makes glycolipids and glycoproteins
8. gl and gp leave and go to the cell membrane.
OR the golgi can create lysosomes- golgi creates packages of secretions it wants to create something to get it into the environment (enzymes leave golgi and go to cm (amylase in saliva)

Front 34

plasmodesmata

Back 34

1. little holes between neighboring plant cells to communicate to other plant cells. the holes are in the cell wall.
2. channels