Biology 128

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prokaryotes

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single celled organisms in domains bacteria and archaea

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Eukaryote

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has a cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and other structures enclosed with membrane

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Stromatolites

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layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together

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hetertroph

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obtains food from eating other organisms or substances derived from them

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autotroph

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an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

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abiotic

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physical and chemical properties of environment

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biotic

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living organisms in an environment

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organic

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of, relating to, or derived from living matter.

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inorganic

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not consisting of or deriving from living matter.

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Binary fission

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creating “daughter” cells by division

(asexual reproduction)

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peptidoglycan

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polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modifying sugars cross linked by polipeptide

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gram positive

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bacteria that have simpler cell walls with large amount of peptidoglycan

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gram negative

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bacteria that are structurally more complex and have less peptidoglycan

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cell wall

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found in nearly all prokaryotes; structure differs in gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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capsule

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sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that is the cell wall of prokaryotes

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endospore

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resistant cells that lack an essential nutrient

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plasmid

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small bits of DNA that can pass among bacteria through conjugation.

F(fertility) R(resistance)

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transformation

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the genotype and phenotype of a prokaryotic cell that are altered by uptake of foreign dna from its surroundings

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transduction

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carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

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conjugation

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dna is transferred between two prokaryotic cells hat are temporarily joined

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horizontal gene transfer

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refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction

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extremophiles

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organisms that like to live in extreme conditions

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extreme halophiles

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live in highly saline environments (great salt lake)

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extreme thermophiles

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thrive in very hot environments

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methanogens

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archaea that release methane as a by product of there unique ways of obtaining energy

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nitrogen fixation

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some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

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symbiosis

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ecological relationship that in which two species live in close contact with each other

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symbionts

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smaller organism in the symbiotic relationship

host is the larger one

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parasite some prokaryotes

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eats contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host; chlamidias

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pathogens

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parasites that cause disease (anthrax)

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decomposer

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one of the most important groups that break down dead things (especially wood, plant material)

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exotoxins

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proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms

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endotoxins

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proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms

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protocells

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membrane enclosed droplets that have some properties of cells

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Phototrophs

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use light to obtain energy and carbon

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chemotrophs

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use chemicals to obtain energy and carbon

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Autotrophs require CO2 as a carbon source

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require CO2 as a carbon source

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Heterotrophs

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require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

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biofilm

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surface coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

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nucleoid

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prokaryotes lack a nucleus; chromosomes located in nucleoid

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flagellum

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propel cells through liquid

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pili

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longer than fimbriae, exchange DNA with other bacteria

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fimbriae

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hairlike appendages that help cells stick to other cells or to a substrate

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protists

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unicellular groups of eukaryotes

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mutualism

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bacteria in our guts, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants

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Protist

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eukaryote that is unicellular though some are colonial or multicellular

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endosymbiosis

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a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside the body or cell of another organism

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secondary endosymbiosis

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when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

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Primary Endosymbiosis

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the process which involves the engulfment of a prokaryote by another living cell

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Mitochondria and Plastids

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thought to be descendants of bacteria that were engulfed by an early eukaryotes and became endosymbionts

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producers (many protists)

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organisms that use energy from light to convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds

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Sporopollenin

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prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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Stomata

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adaptation for gas exchange (get CO2, control water loss)

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Waxy cuticle

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prevents water loss

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vascular tissue

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cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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xylem

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conducts water and minerals

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phloem

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distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

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lignin

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in cells provide structural support

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Roots

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anchor vascular plants, absorb water and nutrients from the soil

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leaves

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increase surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy

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seed

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develops from the whole ovule

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flower

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structure specialized for sexual reproduction

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fruit

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ovary wall that thickens and matures

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ovary

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in flowers, the portion of a carpal in which the egg containing ovules develop

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pollen grain

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consists of a male gametophyte enclosed with the pollen wall

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chiten

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strong flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide (cell wall contains chitin on fungi)

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fruiting bodies

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ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called ascocarps

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hyphae

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one of many connected filaments that make up the mycelium of fungus

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mycelium

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densley branched network of hyphae in fungus

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spores

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used for dispersal, reproduction

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lichen

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symbiotic association between a fungus and a photoautotroph

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Mycorrihizae

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symbiotic association between plant and fungus

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septa

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usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells.

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heterokaryotic stage

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A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell.

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amniotes

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have amniotic egg

-Reptiles

-birds

-mammals

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amniotic egg

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which contains membranes that protect the embryo

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ectothermic (most reptiles)

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uses external heat to regulate body temperature

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endothermic(birds)

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metabolism used to regulate body temperature

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Monotremes

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egg-laying mammals

-platypus and spiny anteaters

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Marsupials

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mammals with a pouch

-kangaroos,koalas, opossums

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Eutherians

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placental mammals

-whales, rodents

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Choanoflagellates

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are the closest living single-celled relatives of animals

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eumetazoans (true animals)

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members of a clade of animals that have true tissues

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Cnidarians

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Have true tissues (like all Eumetazoans)

 Radially symmetric

 Both sessile and motile forms  Hydrozoans
 Jellies
 Sea anemones

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bilaterians

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Bilaterally symmetric
Complete digestive tract

3 clades:

-Lophotrochozoa
-Ecdysozoa
-Deuterostomia

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Lophotrochozoa

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Ectoprocta (bryozoans)

Mollusca (e.g., octopus)

Annelida (e.g., earthworms)

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ectoprocta (bryozoans)

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have hard exoskeleton studded with pores;ciliated tentacles extend through pores and trap food

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annelida (earthworms)

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distinguished from other worms by there body segmentation

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mollusca(octopus)

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have a soft body that in many species have a hard shell

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Ecdysozoa

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Nematodes
Arthropods (e.g., spiders, insects, crustaceans)

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Nematoda (roundworms)

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-found in soil and aquatic habitats

-parasitize plants and animals

-tough cuticle that coats the body

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Athropoda (insects, millipedes, crabs)

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have a segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages

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Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus)

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Echinoderms
Hemichordata

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echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchin, sand dollar)

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-bilaterally symmetric as larvae not as adults

-move and feed using tube feet (gripping action)

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hemichordata (acorn worm)

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share some traits with chordates such as gill slits and dorsal nerve cord

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lancelet

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blade-shaped animals that may resemble early chordates

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tunicates

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display chordate traits in larvae

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jawless animals with head

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-Hagfishes

-craniates

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jawless animals with vertebrae

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-vertebrae

-lampreys

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gnathostomes

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animals with jaws

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jawed animals with cartilage

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-sharks

-rays

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jawed animals with bony skeleton, lungs or lung derivatives

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ray finned fish

(rainbow trout)

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jawed animals with lobed fins

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Rod-shaped bones in pectoral and pelvic fins

-Coelacanth

-Lungfish

-Tetrapods

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tetrapods

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Terrestrial vertebrates with limbs and digits

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amphibians

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-salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
-restricted to moist areas within their terrestrial habitats

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reptiles

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-have scales -- waterproof barrier (scales)

-Most reptiles are ectothermic

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birds

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are endothermic, feathers

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mammals

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Have:

-Mammary glands that produce milk

-Hair
-A fat layer under the skin
- Endothermic