Human Biological Science

Front 1

Anatomy relates to structure as physiology relates to....?

Back 1

Function

Front 2

How are structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) different?

Back 2

Structure = body parts, their appearance and location.

Function = how those body parts work and what they enable us to do.

Front 3

Name the 11 body systems in alphabetical order.

Back 3

Cardiovascular/Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Skeletal, Urinary

Front 4

What is a common organ of the Cardiovascular/Circulatory system?

Back 4

Heart

Front 5

What is a common organ of the Digestive system?

Back 5

Liver

Front 6

What is a common organ of the Endocrine system?

Back 6

Spleen

Front 7

What is a common organ of the Nervous system?

Back 7

Brain

Front 8

What is a common organ of the Respiratory system?

Back 8

Lungs

Front 9

What is a common organ of the Urinary system?

Back 9

Kidney, bladder

Front 10

What is 'Homeostasis?'

Back 10

The regulation of internal body conditions within a range of normal. Body systems work together in order to maintain homeostasis.

Front 11

Describe the anatomical position.

Back 11

Body is standing up straight and facing forward. Arms are by the sides of the body with palms facing forward. The legs are straight and the feet are flat on the floor, spaced slightly apart facing forward and turned slightly outward.

Front 12

Define: Atom

Back 12

An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element and the defining structure of a chemical element.

Front 13

Define: Ion

Back 13

An ion is an atom or molecule that has lost or gained 1 or more electrons and consequently has a net electric charge.

Front 14

Define: Molecule

Back 14

A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. They are electrically neutral and distinguished from ions by this lack of electrical charge.

Front 15

Define: Compound

Back 15

A compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules made up of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.

Front 16

Define: Chemical Element

Back 16

Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Each element is defined by the amount of protons and neutrons it has in its atomic nucleus. A new element may be created by adding more protons to an atom.

Front 17

What is the difference between an ion and a molecule?

Back 17

Ions have a net electric charge. Molecules are electrically neutral.

Front 18

What is an ionic bond?

Back 18

In an ionic bond, one atom loses an electron (becoming an anion) and one atom gains an electron (becoming a cation). Because the opposite charges of anions (negatively charged ions) and cations (positively charged ions) attract, a molecule is formed.

Front 19

What is a covalent bond?

Back 19

A covalent bond happens when two atoms share electrons. The shared electrons form a new orbit around the nuclei of both atoms, producing a molecule.

Front 20

What is a cation?

Back 20

A cation is a positively charged ion.

Front 21

What is an anion?

Back 21

An anion is a negatively charged ion.

Front 22

What is a solute?

Back 22

A solute is a substance dissolved in another substance. The substance that dissolves is the solute.

Front 23

What is a solvent?

Back 23

A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid or gaseous solute.

Front 24

What is a solution?

Back 24

A solution is formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

Front 25

Describe the structure of a carbon molecule.

Back 25

A carbon molecule has 4 electrons in its outer shell, giving it the ability to bond with up to 4 other atoms. Because of its structure, carbon atoms can be joined together into chains, branches chains and ring structures.

Front 26

What is the significance of carbon molecules?

Back 26

Carbon is an important element for living organisms because of the diversity of organic molecules it can form. Organic molecules are those made from carbon.

Front 27

Describe the structure of water molecules.

Back 27

The forces within a water molecule give it a bent shape. Water molecules are an example of a covalent bond where electrons aren't shared equally between the atoms that make up the molecule.

The oxygen atom has a stronger attraction for the electrons it shares with the hydrogen atoms. Some electrons are negatively charged, and this makes the oxygen end of the molecule slightly more negative as these electrons spend more time there. They hydrogen atoms become slightly more positive.

The negatively charged parts of the water molecule, a polar molecule, attract positively charged ions or the positively charged parts of other polar molecules towards it, and the positively charged parts of the water molecule will attract negatively charged ions or other parts of other polar molecules.

Front 28

What is a chemical reaction?

Back 28

Chemical reactions occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken between atoms. Reactions occur when atoms, ions or molecules collide with each other allowing interactions between electrons.

Chemical bonds contain energy. In general, when chemical bonds are broken, this energy is released.

When chemical bonds are being formed, energy is required to form the bond.

Front 29

What are the two major types of reactions? State the differences between them.

Back 29

There are two major types of reactions. Those that build more complex molecules and those that break down complex molecules.

Anabolic reactions (synthesis) involve building up large complex molecules from atoms ions or simple molecules.

Catabolic reactions (decomposition) involve breaking down large complex molecules into smaller molecules, atoms or ions.

Front 30

State the difference between organic and inorganic compounds.

Back 30

Inorganic compounds usually don't contain carbon while organic compounds do.

Front 31

Name 5 examples of organic compounds.

Back 31

Nucleic acids, Fats, Sugars, Proteins, and Enzymes

Front 32

Name 5 examples or inorganic compounds.

Back 32

Water, Sodium Chloride, Silver, Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur

Front 33

What is an acid?

Back 33

An acid is a substance that releases its hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water, increasing the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Acids have a sour taste.

Front 34

What are bases?

Back 34

A base does the opposite to an acid; it is a substance that decreases the hydrogen ions (H⁺) of a solution. Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery.

Front 35

What are salts?

Back 35

Salts are ionic compounds containing at least one cation and on anion (neither of which is H⁺ or OH- ). In water, salts can separate into their component ions.

Front 36

Define pH.

Back 36

pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. The pH scale is a scale of numbers from 0 to 14 which describes the number of hydrogen ions in solution.

Front 37

State 3 ways the body tries to keep pH in the limit of homeostasis.

Back 37

Buffers, renal control, respiratory control

Front 38

Describe the structure and function of carbohydrates.

Back 38

Structure: The word carbohydrate comes from its make-up or structure. As well as carbon, they contain hydrogen and oxygen in a similar ratio to water, that is, twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms in each molecule. This is what the "hydrate" part of the name means. All carbohydrates are made of sugar units (or saccharides), each sugar can be represented as 5 or 6-sided ring shape (depending on which sugar it is).

One of the major monosaccharides in the body is glucose, a ring-shaped molecule which supplies most of the energy in the cell. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together. Polysaccharides like starch and glycogen are storage molecules made of hundreds of glucose molecules joined in long branching chains.

Function: Carbohydrates are energy molecules, providing a major source of fuel for the body.

Front 39

Describe the sugar make-up of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Back 39

Monosaccharides are made of one sugar and are the building blocks of larger sugars.Disaccharides are made of two sugars. Polysaccharides are made of many sugars.

Front 40

Describe the basic structure and functions of lipids.

Back 40

Structure: Like carbohydrates, fats also contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but have far fewer oxygen atoms. Lipids don't dissolve in water (they are insoluble) but can dissolve another lipids.

Saturated fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms joined with the carbon atoms, so these fatty acids are filled or saturated with hydrogen and contain only single Bonds between carbon atoms. The triglycerides found in animal fats (red meats) and dairy products contain mostly saturated fatty acids and a solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fatty acids have less hydrogen atoms. The carbon atoms and not saturated with hydrogen atoms due to the presence of double bonds between the carbon atoms. Notice that are double bond and an unsaturated fatty acid causes it to bend. The fatty acids of monounsaturated fats contain one double bond, we're as polyunsaturated fatty acids contain several double bonds.

Function: Lipids are important molecules in the body. They provide energy, form the membrane around cells, form some hormones and vitamins, and form the insulating fat layer under the skin.

The major groups of lipids are triacylglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 41

What is a common organ of the Integumentary system?

Back 41

Skin