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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
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How to write a genus and species name.
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Genus name capilitised, species name not; both must be italicized or underlined
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species
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a series of populations of closely related and similar organisms
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major classification categories
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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taxonomy
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branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms with reference to their position in the kingdom
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dichotomous key
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identify organisms based on a series of paired choices
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anterior
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head region
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posterior
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tail end
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dorsal
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back side
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ventral
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front side
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medial
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mid line of body
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lateral
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sides of body
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distal
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a part that is farthest from a point of reference
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proximal
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a part that is nearest to a point of reference
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pectoral
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chest region
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pelvic
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hip region
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frontal plane
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divided body into dorsal and ventral
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sagittal plane
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divides into right and left halves
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transverse plane
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cuts through a dorsoventral and right-left axis at right angles
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grades of organization
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protoplasmic; cellular; cell-tissue; tissue-organ; organ-system
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protoplasmic
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unicellular; protoplasm within cell differentiated into organelles
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cellular grade
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division of labour among cells; may become organized into tissues (phylum porifera)
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cell-tissue grade
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aggregation of tissues into organs (phylum cnidaria)
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tissue-organ grade
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aggregation of tissues into organs (phylum platyhelminthes)
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organ-system
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organs work together to perform a function
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spheric symmetry
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any plane which passes through the center and divides body into equal, mirrored halves; in protozoans
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radial symmetry
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a plane passing through the longitudinal axis divides body into similar halves; phylum porifera, cnidaria, echinodermata
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bilateral symmetry
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a sagittal plane divides organism into two mirrored halves; complex phyla
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zygotes
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what sexually reproducing organisms begin life as
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blastula stage
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when embryo is a ball of cells
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gastrula stage
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development of germ layers; development of organs
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diploblastic animal
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two germ layers; ectoderm and endoderm
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tripoblastic animal
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three cell layers; ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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coelom
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body cavity in tripoblastic animals; fluid-filled space surrounding gut that is lined with tissue
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cephalization
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process by which specialization, particularly of th esense organs and appendhages becomes localized in head end of the animal
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phylum porifera
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many pores
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pinococytes
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help control size of water entrances and exits; able to phagocytize food particles
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porocytes
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intracellular canal through which water passes on way to spongocoel
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spongocoel
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large central cavity in sponge
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choanocytes
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create water currents by means of their flagella to try to trap food and phagocytize it
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mesohyl
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gelatinous matrix
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amoebocytes
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free-moving cells within mesohyl; transport, digest, store food, expel wastes, form gemmules, produce spongin/spicules
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spongin
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secreted by amoeboid cells; very resistant to digestion/decay; phylum porifera
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spicules
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microscopic crystal-like structures formed by amoebocytes
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ascon body type
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simplest; vase shaped with a large central spongocoel lined with choancytes
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osculum
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where water and food particles flow in through the pores in the body wall; in ascon
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sycon body type
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infolding of body walls; have central cavity and complex series of canals; enters via intercurrent canals, passes through body into radial canals, exits through osculum
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leucon body type
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most complex/most common; composed of solid masses of cells which are perforated by canal systems and choanocyte-lined hcambers; most efficient
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asexual reproduction
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budding off new individuals from the tissues of old ones
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gemmules
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consist of a mass of mesohyl cells surrounded by a protective coat strenthened by spicules; winter bodies
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sexual reproduction
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eggs and sperm are released into water by same individual
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monoecious
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when possesses male and female reproductive structyures
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phylum porifera three classes
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class calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae; based on skeletal system
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class calcarea
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marine sponges; live at depths of 100m attached to solid support; 1, 3, 4 armed spicules composed of calcium carbonate; may be ascon, sycon, leucon
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class hexatinellida
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glass sponges; deep-water; 6 rayed spicules; no spongin; bodies cylindrical
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class demospongiae
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95% of sponge species; treelike upright bodies contain spongin; 1-4 rayes of spicules; have leucon body type
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phylum cnidaria
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needle; radially symmetrical; jellyfish, etc; diploblastic; no true organs; tentacles; two body types- polyp, medusa
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eumetazoan branch
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characterized by organization of cells into tissues
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sac-type gastrovascular cavity
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where a single opening serves as mouth and anus; can ingest larger food
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mesoglea
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lies within two layers in phylum cnidaria; contains scattered cells, extensive nerve net
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polymorphism
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more than one body type
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polp form
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clindrical animals with mouse and tentacles at one end facing upwards
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medusa
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free-swimming, umbrella shaped creatures with mouth and tentacles on lower concave surface, facing downwards
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class hydrozoa
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polps dominant; produced by budding; small; have velum
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velum
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margin of bell projects inward to form a shelf; hydrozoa
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class scyphozoa
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true jellyfishes; medusa; velum; long arms
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class anthozoa
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flower animals; all marine; mose advanced; polyp; asexual and sexual
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hydra
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class hydrozoa; no brian, just loose network of nerve cells (nerve net); water held under pressure in body- hydrostatic skeleton
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obelia
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hydrozoan; forms colony of polyps; polyps produce medusa buds
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phylum platehelminthes
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flat worms; bilateral symmetry; tissues into organs; nervous system organized; gastrovascular system
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acoelomates
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no body cavity
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non-parasitic platyhelminthes
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developed organ systems;
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parasitic platyhelminthes
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systems have been reduced; have suckers; coating on outside; enlarged reproductive system;
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three classes of platyhelminthes
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turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda
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class turbellaria
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carnivores; feed through a prostusible pharynx; flatworms- dugesia
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class trematoda
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parasitic flukes; small, leaf shaped internal parasites
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class cestoda
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parasitic tapeworms; flattened and segmented
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ectoparasites
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live on external surfaces of host
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endoparasites
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live on inside of host
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digenetic
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two different host species in life cycle; (this is what flukes are)
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