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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface. ?
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pili
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what are the parts of a prokaryotic cell?
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pili
cell wall plasma membrane nucleoid region (dna) ribosomes flagellum capsule |
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what are prokaryotes?
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bacteria and archaea
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where are proteins synthesized in a prokaryotic cell?
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in the ribosomes
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in a prokaryotic cell, what is the jellylike protective layer outside the cell wall?
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the capsule
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in a prokayotic cell , What is the name of the rigid structure, outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds, supports, and protects the cell?
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its the cell wall
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in a prokaryotic cell, Which structure acts as a selective barrier, allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes?
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the plasma membrane
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in a prokaryotic cell , Where is the cell's DNA, containing the genes that control the cell?
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in the nucleoid region
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in a prokaryotic cell, which structure propels the cell?
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the flagellum
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What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
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for protection
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what are the cell's information molecules?
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nucleic acids
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how many nucleic acids are there and what are they?
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two, and dna and Rna
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what does DNA do?
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DNA makes up the cell's inherited library of information-- the genes. DNA carries instructions for building all the proteins that carry out cell activities.
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what does Rna do?
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RNA acts as an intermediary in the protein-making process. DNA's information is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into the primary structure of proteins.
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whats the first step of protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell?
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information is transferred from DNA to messenger RNA which then leaves the nucleus and carries the information it receives form DNA to the ribosomes.
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what is the second step of protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell?
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messenger RNA sequence of nucleotides are translated into a sequence of amino acids which are then linked to form a polypeptide.
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What is the most likely role of a cell that contains an extensive smooth ER?
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it synthesizes large quantities of lipids
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The small intestine is the site of digestion and absorption of nutrients. A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small intestine. In the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine), these epithelial cells secrete large quantities of digestive enzymes. What would be typical of these epithelial cells?
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they would have to contain large amounts of rough er
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Why are lysosomes considered part of the endomembrane system?
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They are formed from products synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum and processed by the Golgi.
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How is the nuclear membrane related to the endoplasmic reticulum?
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The inner and outer bilayers of the nuclear envelope are separated by a space that is continuous with the space inside the endoplasmic reticulum, thus providing direct contact between the two structures.
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What is the site of synthesis of proteins for export (secretion from the cell)?
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ribosomes that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum
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what represents a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells tend to have much more extensive inner membrane systems and larger numbers of intracellular organelles than do prokaryotes.
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What is a purpose of the cell wall for both prokaryotes and plant cells?
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to protect the cell from the effects of a hypotonic environment
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Mitochondrial DNA codes for about 13 proteins (depending on the species of organism). These 13 proteins account for a small proportion of the proteins present in mitochondria. The remaining proteins are coded for by nuclear DNA. What is the most likely explanation for how these proteins find their way to the mitochondria?
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signal sequences
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why cant high molecular wheight proteins be transported into the nucleus
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they lack nuclear localization signals
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What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?
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It regulates movement of materials across the nuclear envelope.
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what does endocytosis do? and how?
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it moves materials into the cell by membranous vesicles
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what does exocytosis do? and how?
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its movement of materials outside of the cell by membranous vesicles
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how does exocytosis work?
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intracellular vesicles move to the plasma membrane and fuse with the membrane to release its contents into the surrounding fluid
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how does encocytosis work>?
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the membrane or the cell pinches in an surround the material .
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what is phagocytosis? and where does it occur?
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when the cell surrounds (eats) material creating a vacule which secrete enzymes to break down whats inside the vacule. it occurs in macrophaghes.
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what is pinocytosis? where does it occur?
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cell drinking or wehn the cell engulfs fluids such as sugars or porteins to enter a vesicle.
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what is receptor mediated endocytosis? when does it happen?
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same as endocytosis but its triggered when membrane receptors bind to specific external molecules.
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Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
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a lysosome
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where are proteins destined for secretion made?
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their made on ribosomes bound to the rough er
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where do proteins for secretion made in the rough er go?
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they move through the endomembrane sytem and are dispatched from the golgi apparatus in transport vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and fuse with the plasma membrane.
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whats the first step twoards secretion for a new protein?
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it exits the rough er into a vesicle
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whats the second step towards scretion for a protein..
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in step two it moves within the vesicle to cytoplasm to the golgi apparatus
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what is the third step toward secretion of a protein?
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the golgi apparatus modifies the protein
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what is the fourth step toward secretion of a protein?
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The protein is dispatched from the Golgi in a transport vesicle that then fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein to the outside of the cell.
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Eukaryotic cells manufacture cytoskeletal proteins that help to maintain the cells' shapes and functions. What would you predict about these proteins?
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They would be manufactured on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
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microtubules
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what are flagellum? what are they made of?
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flagellum are microtubular structures that extend outside of some cells that allow the cell to move
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what cillia? what are they made of?
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microtubular structures the are attached to the outside of the cell that alllows the cell to grab onto things
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what causes movement of baterial cells and how does it work?
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flagellum and cillia bend to cause movement of the cell or its surrounds by using energy derived from hydrolysis of atp
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Which of the following cytoskeletal proteins are important in changing cell shape or location (any type of cell movement)?
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Microfilaments and myosin are among the cytoskeletal proteins important in cell movement.
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What is the function of keratin, an important intermediate filament?
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imparts impermeability to the skin and the ability to withstand mechanical stress
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what components do you need for vesicle transport?
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microtubular tracks atp and motor proteins
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How is the structure of kinesin related to its function?
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Kinesin has a tail region that binds to vesicles and two heads that can attach to microtubules.
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what part of the motor protein contains the atp binding site?
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the part that connects to the microtubular track
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Flagella and cilia bend or move, imparting mobility to cells. How do these structures move?
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Dynein is a motor protein that hydrolyzes ATP and is responsible for movement of the cilium or flagellum.
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what cells are falgellum found in?
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both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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what are the differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagellum?
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eukaryotic flagellum undulate and are covered by a plasma membrane. prokaryotic flagellum rotate and are not covered by a cell membrane
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Flagella and cilia bend or move, imparting mobility to cells. How do these structures move?
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Dynein is a motor protein that hydrolyzes ATP and is responsible for movement of the cilium or flagellum.
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what cells are falgellum found in?
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both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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what are the differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagellum?
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eukaryotic flagellum undulate and are covered by a plasma membrane. prokaryotic flagellum rotate and are not covered by a cell membrane
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Eukaryotic cells manufacture cytoskeletal proteins that help to maintain the cells' shapes and functions. What would you predict about these proteins?
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They would be manufactured on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
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microtubules
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what are flagellum? what are they made of?
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flagellum are microtubular structures that extend outside of some cells that allow the cell to move
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what cillia? what are they made of?
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microtubular structures the are attached to the outside of the cell that alllows the cell to grab onto things
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what causes movement of baterial cells and how does it work?
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flagellum and cillia bend to cause movement of the cell or its surrounds by using energy derived from hydrolysis of atp
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Which of the following cytoskeletal proteins are important in changing cell shape or location (any type of cell movement)?
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Microfilaments and myosin are among the cytoskeletal proteins important in cell movement.
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What is the function of keratin, an important intermediate filament?
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imparts impermeability to the skin and the ability to withstand mechanical stress
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what components do you need for vesicle transport?
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microtubular tracks atp and motor proteins
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How is the structure of kinesin related to its function?
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Kinesin has a tail region that binds to vesicles and two heads that can attach to microtubules.
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what part of the motor protein contains the atp binding site?
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the part that connects to the microtubular track
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