Biological Psychology: Chapter 2 (Breedlove)

Front 1

HISTOLOGY

Back 1

The study of tissue structure.
functioning of the nervous system.

Front 2

GROSS NEUROANATOMY

Back 2

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

Front 3

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Back 3

The study of the life processes of neurons.

Front 4

CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY

Back 4

The distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system.

Front 5

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Back 5

also called psychopharmacology. the field concerned with the study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system

Front 6

NEURON OR NERVE CELL

Back 6

The basic Unit of the Nervous System, each composed of a cell body, receptive extension(s) (dendrites), and a transmitting extension (axon).

Front 7

THE NEURON DOCTRONE

Back 7

The hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally

Hint 7

1. The brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically and functionally
2. information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps. synapses

Front 8

SYNAPSE

Back 8

A cellular location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Front 9

GLIAL CELLS

Back 9

Also sometimes called glia or neuroglia. Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

Front 10

WHAT MAKE UP THE PARTS OF ANY CELL?

Back 10

mitochondria, cell nucleus and ribosomes

Front 11

MITOCHONDRION

Back 11

A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell’s processes.

Front 12

CELL NUCLEUS

Back 12

The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes.

Front 13

RIBOSOMES

Back 13

Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated (proteins are produced).

Front 14

NEURONS HAVE DISTINCTIVE STRUCTURAL PARTS THAT REPRESENT 4 FUNCTIONAL ZONES. WHAT ARE THEY?

Back 14

1. Input Zone (dendrites)
2. Integration Zone (cell body or soma)
3. Conduction Zone (a single axon)
4. Output Zone (axon terminals)

Front 15

DENDRITE

Back 15

One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron.

Front 16

INPUT ZONE

Back 16

The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually corresponds to the cell’s dendrites.

Front 17

CELL BODY

Back 17

Also called soma. The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus.

Front 18

INTEGRATION ZONE

Back 18

The part of the neuron that initiates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value. Usually corresponds to the neuron’s axon hillock

Front 19

AXON

Back 19

A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

Front 20

CONDUCTION ZONE

Back 20

The part of the neuron over which the nerve’s electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to the cell’s axon.

Front 21

AXON TERMINAL

Back 21

The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target..

Front 22

OUTPUT ZONE

Back 22

the part of a neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell’s electrical activity is conveyed to another cell.

Front 23

IN WHICH WAYS CAN NEURONS BE CLASSIFIED

Back 23

shape or function

Front 24

WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASSIFICATIONS BY SHAPE?

Back 24

1. multipolar neuron: A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon.
They are the most common type of neuron

2. bipolar neuron: A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end; found in some vertebrate sensory systems.
Especially common in sensory systems, such as the retina

3. monopolar neuron: A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone.
These cells transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord.

Front 25

WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASSIFICATIONS BY FUNCTION

Back 25

motoneuron: Also called motor neuron. A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles or glands that control movement organ function.

sensory neuron: A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.


interneuron: A neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron. Interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons.

Front 26

IN WHAT 4 FORMS DO GLIAL CELLS COME?

Back 26

astrocyte, microglial, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell

Hint 26

Structural support is one biological role of glial cells
Glial cells communicate with each other and with neurons
Glial Cells can directly affect neuronal functioning by providing neurons with raw materials and chemical signals that alter neuronal structure and excitability

Front 27

ASTROCYTES CELLS

Back 27

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions. The extensions of astrocytes provide structural support for the brain and may isolate receptive surfaces.
- not able to generate their own electric impulses But they receive synapses directly from neurons and monitor activity of nearby neuronal synapses.


- smaller than astocyte, with fewer extensions

Front 28

MICROGLIAL CELLS

Back 28

Also called microglia. Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.
- very active

Front 29

OLIGODENDROCYTE

Back 29

A type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies. Within the brain and spinal cord oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths.
- single oligodendrocyte contributes sheathing to many adjacent axons
- associated with nerve cell bodies

Front 30

SCHWANN CELLS

Back 30

The accessory cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord)
- a single Schwann ensheathes a limited length of a single axon

Front 31

MYELIN

Back 31

The fatty insulation around an axon. improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses.

Front 32

NODE OF RANVIER

Back 32

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

Front 33

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Back 33

disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.

Front 34

WHAT ARE THREE PROBLEMS THAT CAN OCCUR WITH GLIAL CELLS

Back 34

1) Degenerration of myelin like in multiple sclerosis
2) brain tumours are usually caused by glial cells
3) brain injury cause glial cells to change shape (swell) - edema

Front 35

EDEMA

Back 35

The swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury

Front 36

GOLGI STAINS

Back 36

-fill whole cell, including details such as dendritic spines
-used to characterize variety of cell types in 1 region
-This stain only stains small number of cells, standing out from adjacent unstained cells
-modern alternative – filling a cell with fluorescent molecules

Front 37

NISSL STAINS

Back 37

- these dyes attracted to RNA, therefore outline all cell bodies that encircle nucleus

Front 38

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

Back 38

ribonucleic acid (RNA): A nucleic acid that implements information found in DNA. Two forms of RNA are transfer RNA and messenger RNA

Front 39

AUTORADIOGRAPHY

Back 39

A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues

Front 40

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY (ICC)

Back 40

A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which (1) an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and (2) chemical methods are then used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody

Front 41

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

Back 41

A strand of RNA that carries the code of a section of a DNA strand to the cytoplasm

Front 42

HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE (HRP)

Back 42

An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons

Hint 42

-this is because it is absorbed into axon at terminals and transported back to cell body.
-Process called retrograde labeling

Front 43

ABORIZATION

Back 43

The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons.
Information from presynaptic neurons to postsynaptic neurons.

Front 44

PRESYNAPTIC

Back 44

Referring to the region of a synapse that releases neurotransmitter.

Front 45

POSTSYNAPTIC

Back 45

Referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter

Front 46

WHAT ARE THE 3 PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF A SYNAPSE

Back 46

1. The Presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
2. A postsynaptic membrane on the surface of the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
3. A synaptic cleft, the gap of about 20-40nanometers (nm) that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Front 47

PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

Back 47

The specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter.

Hint 47

Vesicles bearing neurotransmitter can bind to this membrane and release their contents, thus affecting the postsynaptic membrane

Front 48

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

Back 48

The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron.

Hint 48

This membrane contains specialized receptor proteins that allow it to respond to neurotransmitter molecules

Front 49

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

Back 49

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. This gap measures about 20 to 40 nm

Front 50

SYNAPTIC VESICLE

Back 50

A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of synaptic transmitter

Front 51

NEUROTRANSMITTER

Back 51

The chemical, released from the presynaptic axon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

Front 52

RECEPTOR

Back 52

Also called receptor molecule. A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone

Front 53

DENDRITIC SPINE

Back 53

An outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron.

Hint 53

-allow extra synaptic contact
-number & structure depends on experience
-this ability to adapt is called neural plasticity
-changes may range from min to lifelong stable changes

Front 54

NEURAL PLASTICITY

Back 54

Also called neuroplasticity. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience/environment

Front 55

AXON HILLOCK

Back 55

A cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body. Functionally, the integration zone of the neuron

Front 56

AXONAL TRANSPORT

Back 56

the transportation of materials from the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.

Front 57

WHAT ARE THE 2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS?

Back 57

peripheral nervous system (PNS) central nervous system (CNS)

Front 58

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 58

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 59

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 59

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

Front 60

WHAT ARE THE 3 COMPONENTS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 60

1.cranial nerve
2.spinal nerve:
3.autonomic nervous system

Front 61

NERVE

Back 61

A collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system

Front 62

CRANIAL NERVE

Back 62

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain. Composed of a set of pathways concerned mainly with sensory & motor systems associated with the head. There are 12 cranial nerves, typically designated by Roman numerals I through XII.

Front 63

SPINAL NERVE

Back 63

Also called somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 64

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 64

supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs. Its two divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) act in opposite fashion.

Front 65

WHAT ARE THE 12 PARTS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES

Back 65

(I) olfactory
(II) optic
(III) the oculomotor
(IV) trochlear
(V) the trigeminal
(VI) abducens
(VII) the facial nerves
(VIII) vestibulocochlear
(IX) glossopharyngeal nerves
(X) The vagus nerve
(XI) the spinal accessory
(XII) nerves that control neck muscles and the hypoglassal

Front 66

WHICH CRANIAL NERVES ARE EXCLUSIVELY SENSORY?

Back 66

(I) olfactory
(II) optic
(VIII) vestibulocochlear

Hint 66

(I) smell
(II) sight
(VII) hearing

Front 67

WHICH CRANIAL NERVES ARE EXCLUSIVELY MOTOR PATHWAYS FROM THE BRAIN

Back 67

(III) the oculomotor
(IV) trochlear
(VI) abducens
(XI) the spinal accessory, nerves that innervate muscles to move the eye
(XII) nerves that control neck muscles and the hypoglassal (nerves that control the tongue)

Front 68

WHICH CRANIAL NERVES HAVE BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS?

Back 68

(V) the trigeminal
(VII) the facial nerves
(IX) glossopharyngeal nerves
(X) The vagus nerve

Hint 68

(V) serves facial sensation through axons and it controls chewing through other movements
(VII) control facial muscles and receive taste sensation
(IX) receive sensations from throat and the control muscles
(X) extends far from the head running to the heart liver and intestines

Front 69

WHAT DOES EACH SPINAL NERVE CONSIST OF?

Back 69

- Each spinal nerve consists of the fusion of 2 distinct branches called roots
2 types of roots are functionally different the dorsal root and the ventral root

Hint 69

The dorsal root enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord.
The ventral root arises from the ventral horn of the spinal cord and carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system.

Front 70

TO WHAT 5 GROUPS ARE THE SPINAL NERVES DIVIDED INTO?

Back 70

the section of spinal cord to which they are connected
8 top are cervical
12 trunk are thoracic
5 lower back are Lumbar
5 pelvic are Sacral
1 bottom is coccygeal (AKA – tailbone)

Front 71

AUTONOMIC GANGLIA

Back 71

Collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic nervous system, that are found in various locations and innervate the major organs.

Front 72

PREGANGLIONIC

Back 72

"Before the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia

Front 73

POSTGANGLIONIC

Back 73

"After the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body

Front 74

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVES SYSTEM?

Back 74

1.the sympathetic nervous system
2.the parasympathetic nervous system
3.the enteric nervous system

Front 75

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 75

part of the autonomic nervous system. It arises from the thoracic & lumbar spinal cord.
- prepares the body for action

Front 76

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 76

Part of the autonomic nervous system. It arises from both the cranial nerves & the sacral spinal cord.
- prepare the body for rest

Front 77

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 77

An extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut.

Hint 77

This system is semiautonomous but is generally considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system

Front 78

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR SECTORS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

Back 78

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal lobes.

Front 79

FRONTAL LOBE

Back 79

The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, associated with decision making and planning

Front 80

PARIETAL LOBE

Back 80

Large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes

Front 81

OCCIPITIAL LOBE

Back 81

Large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part, and specialized for visual processing

Front 82

TEMPORAL LOBE

Back 82

Large lateral cortical regions, continuous with the parietal lobes posteriorly, and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure.

Hint 82

The temporal lobes contain the hippocampus and amygdala, and are involved in a variety of functions, including memory, emotional processing, and the olfactory and auditory senses

Front 83

LATERAL SULCUS OR SYLVIAN FISSURE

Back 83

a deep fissure that marks the beginning of the temporal lobe and end of frontal lobe

Front 84

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

Back 84

The strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body.
- contains sensory map of body

Front 85

PRECENTRAL GYRUS

Back 85

The strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control.
- contains orderly map of muscles of body

Front 86

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Back 86

The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 87

WHITE MATTER

Back 87

A shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths.

Front 88

GRAY MATTER

Back 88

Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin.

Front 89

WHAT PARTS MAKE UP THE BASAL GANGLIA

Back 89

A group of forebrain nuclei
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus.
Very important for motor control

Hint 89

remember the 3 part – Cold Nights Promise Good Parties!

Front 90

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

Back 90

A midbrain structure that innervates the basal ganglia and named for its dark pigmentation

Front 91

LIMBIIC SYSTEM

Back 91

A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network. These nuclei are implicated in emotions and learning.

Front 92

AMYGDALA

Back 92

A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe.
- functions include emotional regulation and perception of odor

Front 93

HIPPOCAMPUS

Back 93

A medial temporal lobe structure that is thought to be important for learning and memory

Front 94

FORNIX

Back 94

A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

Front 95

CINGULATE GYRUS

Back 95

A cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline.
- implicated in diverse function like direction of attention

Front 96

OLFACTORY BULB

Back 96

An anterior basal structure that receives olfactory (smell) inputs from the nasal cavities

Front 97

MAMMILLARY BODY

Back 97

One of a pair of nuclei at the base of the brain

Front 98

DIENCEPHALON

Back 98

The posterior (back part) part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 99

TELENCEPHALON

Back 99

The frontal subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed

Front 100

THALAMUS

Back 100

The brain regions at the top of the brainstem that trade information with the cortex.

Hint 100

- uppermost of diencephalons
- the centre of the adult brain
- a complex cluster of nuclei that act as a way station to the cerebral cortex
- almost all sensory information enters the thalamus, where neurons send information to the overlying cortex
- the cortical cells, in turn, innervate the thalamus, controlling which sensory info is transmitted

Front 101

HYPOTHALAMUS

Back 101

Part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus.
- located under the thalamus]
- small but has many functions
- plays part in hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, reproductive behaviours etc…
- hypothalamus also controls pituary gland, which in turn controls almost all hormone secretion

Front 102

WHAT PARTS MAKE UP THE MID BRAIN?

Back 102

- 2 pairs of bumps on the dorsal surface
- one pair in each hemisphere
- rostral bumps called superior colliculi (processes visual info)
- caudal bumps called inferior colliculi (processes sound info)
- together, they are referred to as tectum

Hint 102

the midbrain has sensory and motor systems

Front 103

COLLUCULUS

Back 103

A small elevation. Two pairs of colliculi are found on the dorsal surface of the midbrain.
The rostral pair (the superior colliculi) receive visual information
The caudal pair (the inferior colliculi) receive auditory information

Front 104

TECTUM

Back 104

The dorsal portion of the midbrain, including the inferior and superior colliculi.

Front 105

RED NUCLEUS

Back 105

A brainstem structure related to motor control.
- located in the midbrain
- communicates with motorneurons in the spinal cord
- also contains several nuclei that send their axons out to form cranial nerves

Front 106

RETICULAR FORMATION

Back 106

An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal.
- sleep, arousal, temperature regulation and motor control are attributed to this area

Front 107

WHAT COMPONENTS MAKE UP THE CEREBELLUM?

Back 107

consists of 3 layers
- middle layer – single row of enormous neurons called Purkinje cells
- below are granule cells
- above axons from granule cells rise to form Parallel Fibers

Front 108

WHAT IS THE CEREBELLUM IMPORTANT FOR?

Back 108

cerebellum important for motor co-ordination, control, integration of some sensory and motor functions and some aspects of cognition including learning

Front 109

PONS

Back 109

A portion of the metencephalon
- below and connected to cerebellum
- within pons are motor control; and sensory nuclei
- info about the ear first enters the brain through the pons via the nucleus of the vestibulocochlear(VIII)

Front 110

PURKINJE CELL

Back 110

A type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex (in the cerebellum)

Front 111

GRANULE CELL

Back 111

A type of small nerve cell, found in the cerebellum

Front 112

PARALLEL FIBER

Back 112

One of the axons of the granule cells that form the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex

Front 113

METENCEPHALON

Back 113

A subdivision of the hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons.

Front 114

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA?

Back 114

Also called myelencephalon. The caudal part of the hindbrain.
- marks transition from brainstem to spinal cord
- nuclei of cranial nerves XI and XII that control neck and tongue muscles
- contains nuclei that regulate breathing and heart rate
- thus tissue damage is often fatal
- all axons that pass btwn brain and spinal cord pass through medulla

Front 115

INTO HOW MANY LAYERS ARE NEURONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARRANGED?

Back 115

6

Front 116

ISOCORTEX

Back 116

Cerebral cortex (Formerly referred to as neocortex.)
- made up of 6 layers
- each layer consists of either a band of similar neurons or a particular pattern of dendrites or axons

Front 117

ALLOCORTEX

Back 117

Brain tissue with three layers or unlayered organization.
Compare isocortex

Front 118

PYRAMIDAL CELLS

Back 118

A type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body. They are found in the cerebral cortex.

Front 119

APICAL DENDRITE

Back 119

The dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surface of the cortex.
Compare basal dendrite

Front 120

BASAL DENDRITE

Back 120

One of several dendrites on a pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from the cell body. Compare apical dendrite.

Front 121

CORTICAL COLUMN

Back 121

One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the isocortex.
- these columns extend through the entire thickness of cortex from white matter to surface

Front 122

MENINGES

Back 122

The three protective sheets of tissue
dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid
that surround the brain and spinal cord

Hint 122

- tough outermost sheet is dura mater
- innermost layer the pia mater
- the arachnoid is in the middle
- inside the arachnoid is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 123

DURA MATER

Back 123

The outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. See also pia mater and arachnoid.

Front 124

PIA MATER

Back 124

The innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. See also dura mater and arachnoid.

Front 125

ARACHNOID

Back 125

The thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and pia mater.

Front 126

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

Back 126

The fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles.

Front 127

MENINGITIS

Back 127

An inflammation of the membranes covering the CNS —the meninges—usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection

Front 128

VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

Back 128

A system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain.
- fluid is CSF
- CFS circulates through system and has at least 2 functions
1) acts as a shock absorber for the brain
2. CSF provides a medium for exchange of materials including nutrients, blood vessels and brain tissue

Front 129

LATERAL VENTRICLE

Back 129

A complexly shaped portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.
- lined with specialized membrane called choroid plexus

Front 130

CHOROID PLEXUS

Back 130

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
- produces CSF by filtering blood

Front 131

WHAT IS THE FLOW STREAM OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)?

Back 131

Produced by filtering of blood through choroid plexus in lateral ventricle > third ventrical > forth ventricle > leave ventricular system to outer surface of brain and spinal cord > absorbed back into the circulatory system through large veins beneath the tip of the skull

Front 132

THIRD VENTRICLE

Back 132

The midline ventricle that conducts CSF from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle

Front 133

FOURTH VENTRICLE

Back 133

The passageway within the pons that receives CSF from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord

Front 134

CAROTID ARTERIES

Back 134

The major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain. The branch that enters the brain is called the internal carotid artery

Hint 134

- enters into skull and branches into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
- supply blood to large regions of cerebral hemispheres

Front 135

ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES

Back 135

Two large arteries, arising from the internal carotids, that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 136

MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES

Back 136

2 arteries, arising from the internal carotids, provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 137

VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

Back 137

Arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery

Front 138

BASILAR ARTERY

Back 138

An artery formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries; supply blood to the brainstem and to posterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 139

POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

Back 139

2 arteries, arising from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem

Front 140

CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Back 140

A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid & basilar arteries.

Hint 140

The joining arteries provide alternative route for blood flow if any main arteries to the brain are damaged or blocked by disease

Front 141

STROKE

Back 141

Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region

Front 142

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Back 142

The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from capillaries into brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs.

Hint 142

This can help protect the brain from infection and blood born toxins, but also makes the delivery of drugs to the brain more difficult

Front 143

WHAT ARE THE NEW IMAGING TECHNIQUES THAT ALLOW US TO LOOK AT THE LIVING BRAIN

Back 143

Angiogram
CT - computerized axial tomography
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
PET - positron emission tomography
fMRI - functioonal MRI
optical imaging
TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation
MEG - magnetoencephalography

Front 144

ANGIOGRAM

Back 144

A specialized X-ray image of the head, taken shortly after the cerebral blood vessels have been filled with a radiopaque dye by means of a catheter. This technique allows visualization of the major blood vessels and is used to assess stroke risk & other conditions

Front 145

COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CAT or CT)

Back 145

A noninvasive technique for examining brain structure in humans through computer analysis of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head; affords a virtual direct view of the brain.
- useful for visualizing problems such as strokes, tumors or cortical atrophy

Front 146

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

Back 146

A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy to reveal some structural details in the living brain.
- high resolution
- based on radio frequencies and magnetic force
- MRIs can reveal subtle changes such as the local demyelination characteristic of multiple sclorisis

Front 147

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)

Back 147

examines brain function by combining tomography with injections of radioactive substances used by the brain. Analysis of the metabolism of substances reflects regional differences in brain activity.
- looks at brain activity as appose to brain structure

Front 148

FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI)

Back 148

Magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow which identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.