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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are proteins composed of and what does this molecule contain? |
Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some contain sulphur) |
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What are chains of amino acids held together by? |
Strong peptide bonds |
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What is the primary structure of an amino acid? |
The order in which amino acids are arranged in a protein |
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What is a secondary structure in an amino acid? |
When some chains fold or coil up into pleats |
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In coiled amino acids, what are the weaker bonds and stronger bonds you can find between amino acids? |
Weak bonds are chemical hydrogen bonds, strong bonds are disulphide bonds |
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Define what a tertiary structure of a protein? |
Contains a mixture of weak bonds and strong bonds, folding the amino acid chains into a ball shape |
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What is the shape of an enzyme protein? |
Roughly spherical shape called a globular protein |
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What elements do carbohydrates contain? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What two groups are sugars divided into? |
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides |
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Define monosaccharides |
The single units from which all other carbohydrates are built |
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What are the two forms of glucose molecule? |
Alpha and beta |
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What type of reaction forms disaccharides? |
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides joined which produces a disaccharide and water |
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What type of reaction forms disaccharides? |
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides joined which produces a disaccharide and water |
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What do monosaccharides join together to form? |
Polysaccharides which are large molecules made from smaller units of monosaccharides |
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What type of reaction forms disaccharides? |
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides joined which produces a disaccharide and water |
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What do monosaccharides join together to form? |
Polysaccharides which are large molecules made from smaller units of monosaccharides |
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What two polysaccharides is starch made up of? |
Amylose and amylopectin which are polymers of glucose |
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What type of reaction forms disaccharides? |
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides joined which produces a disaccharide and water |
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What do monosaccharides join together to form? |
Polysaccharides which are large molecules made from smaller units of monosaccharides |
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What two polysaccharides is starch made up of? |
Amylose and amylopectin which are polymers of glucose |
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Why are starch molecules useful in plant cells? |
The insoluble, compact starch molecules are an ideal way to store glucose |
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What is cellulose made up of? |
It is a polymer of glucose so is a polysaccharide |
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What do cellulose molecules look like? |
Long and straight |
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What are microfibrils? |
Several cellulose molecules lying side by side |
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What are cellulose molecules held together by? |
Weak hydrogen bonds |
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What is produced in a condensation reaction between two glucose molecules? |
Maltose (a disaccharide) and water |
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What is produced in a condensation reaction between two glucose molecules? |
Maltose (a disaccharide) and water |
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What is produced when the monosaccharides glucose and fructose react in a condensation reaction? |
Sucrose (a disaccharide) and water |
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Which elements are fatty acids composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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Which elements are fatty acids composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What group of lipids are plant oils and animal fats part of? |
Triglycerides |
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Which elements are fatty acids composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What group of lipids are plant oils and animal fats part of? |
Triglycerides |
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What is the structure of a triglyceride? |
A molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it |
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Which elements are fatty acids composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What group of lipids are plant oils and animal fats part of? |
Triglycerides |
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What is the structure of a triglyceride? |
A molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it |
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What does a fatty acid molecule look like? |
A long chain of carbon atoms with the acid group -COOH at one end |
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What are the bonds like in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? |
Saturated = single bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated= one or more carbon atoms joined by a double bonds (many double bonds is polyunsaturated) |
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What is the structure of the lipid phospholipid? |
Glycerol attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group |
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What is metabolism? |
The sum of all biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
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What is metabolism? |
The sum of all biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
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What is the metabolic pathway? |
A single chain of biochemical reactions |
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What is metabolism? |
The sum of all biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
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What is the metabolic pathway? |
A single chain of biochemical reactions |
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How do enzymes increase the rate of reactions in the body? |
They reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to take place |
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What is metabolism? |
The sum of all biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
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What is the metabolic pathway? |
A single chain of biochemical reactions |
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How do enzymes increase the rate of reactions in the body? |
They reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to take place |
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What determines how an enzyme works? |
The structure of the enzyme therefore the order of the amino acids in the globular protein |
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What is metabolism? |
The sum of all biochemical reactions taking place in the body |
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What is the metabolic pathway? |
A single chain of biochemical reactions |
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How do enzymes increase the rate of reactions in the body? |
They reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to take place |
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What determines how an enzyme works? |
The structure of the enzyme therefore the order of the amino acids in the globular protein |
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Give an example of where enzyme break down molecules in the body |
Digestive enzymes break down food into smaller soluble molecules |
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Give an example of where enzymes build molecules in the body |
DNA replication |
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What is the substance that is effected by an enzyme called? |
Substrate |
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What is the substance that is effected by an enzyme called? |
Substrate |
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What is it called when the enzyme and substrate are joined at the active site of the enzyme? |
Enzyme-substrate complex |
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How does heat denature enzymes? |
High temperatures cause the atoms in the enzyme molecule to vibrate more rapidly and break the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure together |
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How does pH effect enzymes? |
The hydrogen ions in acids and hydroxyl ions in alkalis disrupt the weak bonds and change the shape of the active site |
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Why are enzymes described as specific? |
They catalyse only one reaction |
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Why will a denatured enzyme not function? |
The active site changes shape so it doesn't support the specific substrate so it doesn't fit and cannot be catalysed |
