Biological Molecules

Front 1

What are the elements of life?

Back 1

C-Carbon
H-hydrogen
O-Oxygen
S- Sulphur
P-Phosforus
N-Nitrogen

Front 2

What are the non-living components in any ecosystem?

Back 2

H2O
CO2
O2

Front 3

What elements are Carbs composed of?

Back 3

CHO
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 4

What elements make up Proteins?

Back 4

CHONS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Front 5

What is the name of the element not present in Proteins?

Back 5

Phosphorus

Front 6

What elements make up Lipids?

Back 6

CHOP
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus

Front 7

What elements are present in nucleic acids?

Back 7

CHONP
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Front 8

What element is not proesent is nucleic acids?

Back 8

Sulfur

Front 9

What kind of bond do Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids have?

Back 9

They are all covalenty bonded.

Front 10

What are the general characteristics of biological molecules?

Back 10

1. Biological molecules are carbon based.
2. Biological molecules interact by means of functional groups
3.Biological molecules are assembled or disassembled by adding or removing water

Front 11

Biological molecules are Carbon based:

Back 11

1. All life depends upone water and on compounds of carbon
2. Water furnishes the fluid of life
3. Carbon, in covalent combination with atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous provide the molecules of life.

Front 12

Carbon and Biological Molecules.

Back 12

1. Carbon is able to form 4 stable covalent bonds
2. The carbon containing molecules that make up living things are called organic compounds
3. Organic compunds are very large and held together by covalent bonds
4. Few inorganic compounds contain carbon

Front 13

How do biological molecules interact?

Back 13

They interact by means of their functional groups.

Front 14

How many covalent bonds can each of the following elements make?
H
O
N
C

Back 14

H- 1 covalent bond
O- 2 covalent bonds
N- 3 covalent bonds
C- 4 covalent bonds

Front 15

Unique properties of organic compounds depends on:

Back 15

The Carbon Skeleton and on atoms attached to its skeleton

Front 16

Functional groups have:
1.
2.

Back 16

1. distinct chemical properties
2. participate in chemical reactions

Front 17

Macromolecules are ------- and they have more than one --------.

Back 17

Macromolecules are big biological molecules that have more than one functional group.

Front 18

Name the four functional groups:

Back 18

1. Hydroxyl Group: OH (found in alcohol and sugars)
2. Carbonyl Group: CO (found in sugars
3. Amino Group: NH2 (found in amino acids)
4. Carboxyl Group: COOH (found in amino acids, fatty acids and some vitamins)

Front 19

Biological molecules are assemble and disassembled by ________ and________, _______

Back 19

Biological molecules are assembled and disassembled by adding adding and removing, water.

Front 20

Name the four major important Macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 20

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

Front 21

What is the sub unit for carbs:
Starches/ Glycogen and its function:

Back 21

Glucose.
THe function of Glucose is to to store energy.
ex: Potatoes

Front 22

What is the sub unit for carbs:
Cellulose and its function:

Back 22

Glucose.
makes up the cell walls in plants.
ex: paper

Front 23

What is the sub unit for carbs:
chitin and its function:

Back 23

modified glucose.
makes up the exterior of skeleton of some animals.
ex shell crabs.

Front 24

What is the sub unit for Lipids:
Fats (triglycerides) and function:

Back 24

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
Store Energy
ex: Butter

Front 25

What is the sub unit for Lipids:
Phospholipids and function:

Back 25

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate.
Make up cell membranes
ex: all cell membranes

Front 26

What is the sub unit for Lipids:
Steroids and function:

Back 26

Four carbon rings.
Act as chemical messengers.
Cholesterol, estrogen

Front 27

What is the sub unit for Proteins:
Enzymes and function:

Back 27

Amino Acids
Help chemical reactions take place
ex: Lysozyme in saliva

Front 28

What is the sub unit for Proteins:
Peptide and function:

Back 28

Amino Acids
Use as chemical messengers
ex:peptide neurotransmitters

Front 29

What is the sub unit for Proteins:
Structural and function:

Back 29

Amino Acids.
Make up tissues that support body structures and provide movement.
ex: Muscle

Front 30

What is the sub unit for Nulceic Acids:
DNA and function:

Back 30

Nucleotides
Encodes hereditary information
ex: Chromosones

Front 31

What is the sub unit for Nulceic Acids:
RNA and function

Back 31

Nucleotides
Helps decode hereditary information
ex: Messenger RNA

Front 32

Name the four monomers we studied:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 32

1. Monosaccharides (sugars)
2. Amino Acids
3. Fatty Acids
4. Nucleotides

Front 33

Name the Polymers that coincide with the following Monomers:
1.Monosaccharides
2.Fatty Acids
3. Amino Acids
4. Nucleotides

Back 33

1. Carbohydrates [COH](polysaccharides)
2. Lipids/Fat Molecules{CHOP}
3. Proteins {CHONS}
4. DNA & RNA {CHONP}

Front 34

Macromolecules are also called Polymers, constructed from smaller organic molecules called:___________

Back 34

MONOMERS

Front 35

Monomers= building blocks. Monomers are linked with covalent bonds to form________

Back 35

Polymers=chain-like molecules.

Front 36

TRUE OR FALSE
Assembly molecules
-Growth repair
-Producing molecules essential for chemical reactions to take place

Back 36

TRUE

Front 37

TRUE OR FALSE
Disassembling molecules
-Digestion
-Providing molecules that can enter cells

Back 37

TRUE

Front 38

ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY
a. Take place simultaneously
b. Take place at specific times
c. neither a nor b.

Back 38

a. Assembly and Disassembly take place simultaneously.

Front 39

Assembly requires one molecule of water to be removed so two monomers are joined and energy is consumed. What is the name of this process that takes place during assembly?

Back 39

Dehydration Synthesis.
Dehydration synthesis cannot take place without enzymes.

Front 40

What is the name of the bof that links monomers together to form large polymers?

Back 40

Covalent bonds

Front 41

In Disassembly covalent bonds are broken with addition of H20 and energy is realeased. What is this process called?

Back 41

Hydrolysis.
The process of Hydrolysis requires enzymes.

Front 42

Carbohydrates contain C, H, O with an H to O ration of 2:1.
What are the primary role of carbs?

Back 42

Provide energy and
Breaking bonds to release energy

Front 43

What is the chemical formula for Glucose?

Back 43

C6H12O6

Front 44

Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides

Back 44

Glucose (blood sugar)
Galactose: part of lactose in milk
Fructose: present in fruits and veg.

Front 45

What is an isomer?

Back 45

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
Isomers also have different physical and chemical properties. Ex Fructose is much sweeter than glucose.

Front 46

Why are monosaccharides important?

Back 46

1. Monosaccharides in particular glucose are the main fuel molecules for cellular work
2. Cells use the carbon skeletons of mono..as raw material for manufatcoring other kinds of organic molecules including amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, steroids, etc.

Front 47

Disaccharides are

Back 47

double sugar
They are constructed from two monosaccharide units joined together by the process of dehydration synthesis.

Front 48

Examples of disaccharides are:

Back 48

1. Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
2. Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
3. Lactose: Glucose + Galactose

Front 49

Polysaccharides are many sugars and they are

Back 49

Long poylmers of sugar
insoluble
called complex carbohydrates
starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Front 50

Storage of Polysaccharides
Starch: Glucose monomers strung together.

Back 50

1. Storage form of glucose in plants.
2. Potatoes and grains are rich in starch
3. Humans and animals have the enzyme AMYLASE to break down starch.

Front 51

Storage Polysaccharides
Glycogen: Glucose molecules strung together but the branching pattern is very different from starch.

Back 51

1. Storage form of glucose in Animals
2. Muscle glycogen provides glucose to the muscles as a source of energy during activity
3. Liver glycogen provides glucose to cells through the blood stream.

Front 52

Enzymes to break down cellulose only exist in the ______________.

Back 52

Prokaryotic World

Front 53

Carbohydrates that are used for structure are and where?

Back 53

Cellulose:
1. Plant cell wall
2. Chitin-in insects, fungi
3. It is a polymer of glucose, but humans do not have the enzyme to breakdown cellulose.

Front 54

What is the term that describes that carbs dissolve in water?

Back 54

Hydrophillic

Front 55

What is the term that describes lipids do not dissolve in water?

Back 55

Hydrophobic

Front 56

Name 5 Facts about Fats

Back 56

1. Non-polar and insoluble
2. Work well for long term storage of energy.
3.More energy than equivalent carbs. ( a lb of fat packs more than twice the energy as a pound of carbs)
4. Fats are stored in the adipose tissue cells, which swell and shrink when fat is added or removed.
5. Animal fat stores energy, cushions vital organs, and insulates the skin.

Front 57

What is called the backbone of a fat molecule?

Back 57

Glycerol (3 carbon molecules)

Front 58

What are Fatty Acids (COOH)?

Back 58

Fatty acids are a long hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group.
Fatty acids in a fat molecule may all be the same or may differ.

Front 59

What are Triglycerides?

Back 59

A molecule with 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
(cannot be exceed 3, the max is 3)
Includes most dietary fat

Front 60

Saturated Fats

Back 60

1. No double bonds between carbons in the fatty acide tail
2. Carbon skeleton of fatty acid is bonded to max number of hydrogens (saturated with hydrogens)
3. Usually solid at room temp.
4. Most Animal fats
ex: Bacon grease, lard, butter

Front 61

Unsaturated Fats

Back 61

1. One or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acid tail.
2. Tail kinks at each C=C, so molecules do not pack closely enough to solidify at room temperature.
3. Most plant fats.
ex: corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil

Front 62

Palmitic (saturated) acid

Back 62

solidifies at room temp

Front 63

Linolenic Acid (polyunsaturated)

Back 63

Liquid at room temp.

Front 64

Cell membranes are made up of, protected by, and made waterproof because of ________.

Back 64

Phospholipids make up a cell membrane, protect and waterproof.

Front 65

The key component to a cell membrane is________.

Back 65

Phospholipids.

Front 66

Composition of a Phospholipid

Back 66

is similar to a triglyceride, but one of the fatty acids chains are replaced by a phospholipid group.

Front 67

The molecules have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end and play a very critical role in the construction of the plasma membrane. What is the name of the molecule?

Back 67

Phospholipids

Front 68

What are proteins?

Back 68

Proteins are chains of amino acids.

Front 69

There are 9 diff proteins and functions, name them:

Back 69

1. Structural Proteins: hair, nails, horns, bones, teeth
2. Storage Proteins: Source of nutrition for plants and animals (seeds, eggs etc)
3. Contractile: movement, Muscle
4.Transport: Hemoglobin transports O2
5. Enzymatic: Responsible for all biochemical reactions
6.Defensive: Produce antibodies
7.Signal: Convey messages from one cell to antoher
8.Recognition: Recognizing cels ex: transplants get reject bc proteins do not recognize the new organ.
9. Protein Hormones: Directly secreted in to the blood by one tissue or organ and act on target cells in other parts of the body. Most hormones are lipids, some are proteins(insulin)

Front 70

How many different amino acids are there?

Back 70

There are 20 amino acids.

Front 71

Each protein differs according to:

Back 71

1. the amount
2. type
3. arrangement of amino acids

Front 72

There are 20 common amino acids, each with the same chemical backbone but with different

Back 72

R Groups

Front 73

The chemical backbone of an amino acid is contains

Back 73

1. A carboxyl group (COOH)
2. Amino group
3. hydrogen atom
4. side r group (different in all amino acids)

Front 74

Out of the 20 amino acids, the adult human body cannot make what number of amino acids.

Back 74

the adult human body cannot make 9 amino acids.

Front 75

How are amino acids linked together?

Back 75

Amino acids are linked together by the process of dehydration synthesis, forming a peptide bond.

Front 76

The peptide bond is formed between what acid and one atom:

Back 76

The peptide bind formed between the acid group of the amino acid and the nitrogen atom of the next amino acid.

Front 77

What is the name of the bond that links two amino acids:

Back 77

dipetide

Front 78

Many amino acids bonded together are called

Back 78

polypeptides
(normally more than 100 amino acids)

Front 79

Protein Structure

Back 79

1. Primary-sequence of amino acids forming polypeptides chains
2. Secondary-is the coiling or folding of its polypeptides chains
3. tertiary- a protein is the three-dimentional shape of the polypeptide caused y weak interactions among R groups.
4. Quatermary- formed by all the polypeptide chains making up the protein. Hemoglobin is composes of 4 polypeptides chains

Front 80

The proteins 3 dimentional structure enables it to carry out its

Back 80

specific function in a cell.

Front 81

Protein structure can be affected by slight changes in

Back 81

environmental conditions like
1. temperature
2 pH
These changes can enable protein to lose shape and eventually function.

Front 82

Denaturation

Back 82

These changes can enable protein to lose shape and eventually function.

Front 83

Characteristics of nucleic acids:

Back 83

1. large polymers made from monomers called nulceotides
2. A nulcleotide itself is a complex organic molecule.
3. A nucleotide is made of a phosphate group bonded to (5) carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base.

Front 84

Name the five nitrogenous bases:

Back 84

1. A: Adenine
2. T: Thymine (is not in RNA)
3. G: Guanine
4. C: Cytosine
5. U: Uracel
5. U

Front 85

Nitrogenous bases are complimentary pairs and will not pair with the other if it is not its match. name the matches with in DNA:

Back 85

1. A - - - - - T
2. T - - - - - A
3. G - - - - - C
4. C- - - - - -G

Front 86

What Nitrogenous bonds are linked together by what type of bond?

Back 86

Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds

Front 87

What is the composition of the sugar backbone of DNA?

Back 87

Phosphate group and Sugar (deoxyribose)

Front 88

If DNA strands are hydrogen bonded together by their complimentary pair of nitrogenous bases, what factor make the molecule stable?

Back 88

The vas number of hydrogen bonds make the molecule stable.

Front 89

Characteristics of DNA:

Back 89

1. Double Helix
2. Deoxyribose sugar (1 less O2)
3. Contains Thymine (does NOT contain URACEL)
4. Contains coded info known as genes. Genes are strands of bases that direct the synthesis the amino acid sequence (primary structure) of proteins.

Front 90

Characteristics of RNA:

Back 90

1. Single strand
2. Contains Ribose sugar
3. Contains Uracel (does NOT contain THYMINE
4. Genes first transcribe their message into language of mRNA. mRNA and ribosomes translates the info into the language of proteins.