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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What type of sensory receptors respond to chemicals in the external environment and internal environment producing sensations of taste and smell and producing reflex responses to blood carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen?
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Chemoreceptors
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Pg. 116-117
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What type of sensory receptors respond to heat and cold?
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Thermoreceptors
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Pg. 117
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What type of sensory receptors respond to stimuli that deform the plasma membrane of the receptor cell, producing sensations of touch and pressure in the skin?
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Mechanoreceptors
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Pg. 117
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Which type of sensory receptors are present in the inner ear are responsible for the senses of equilibrium and hearing?
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Mechanoreceptors
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Pg. 117
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What type of sensory receptors respond to light?
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Photoreceptors
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Pg. 117
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Where are photoreceptors found?
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In the neural layer of the eye (the Retina)
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Pg. 117
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What type of receptors are classified as pain receptors?
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Nociceptors
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Pg. 117
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Which other type of receptor can also produce sensations of pain?
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Thermoreceptors can if they are stimulated too intensely.
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Pg. 117
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What type of receptors are in our muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments?
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Proprioceptors
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Pg. 117
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What are the names of the muscle stretch receptors?
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Muscle Spindles
and Golgi tendon organs |
Pg. 117
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What are the receptors called that are in the largest organ of the body?
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Cutaneous receptors
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Pg. 117
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What sensory receptors are included as cutaneous receptors?
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1. Touch
2. Pressure 3. Heat 4. Cold 5. Pain |
Pg. 117
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What are receptors that respond continuously called?
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Tonic receptors
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Pg. 117
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What are receptors that respond by producing a burst of action potentials when the stimulus is first applied, but then producing a gradually decreasing frequency of action potentials as the stimulus is maintained called?
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Phasic Receptors
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Pg. 117
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What are Phasic Receptors partly responsible for and what is this called?
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They are partly responsible for the fact that we can stop paying attention to constant stimuli.
This is called Sensory Adaptation |
Pg. 117
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What are the cutaneous sensations?
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1. Touch
2. Pressure 3. Heat 4. Cold 5. Pain |
Pg. 117
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What are the receptors for heat, cold and pain?
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They are just the naked dendrites of specialized sensory neurons.
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Pg. 117
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What are the sensations for touch produced by?
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They are produced by dendrites surrounding hair follicles, and by expanded specialized dendrites, called Ruffini endings and Merkel’s discs.
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Pg. 118
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What are the sensations of pressure produced by?
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They are produced by:
Meissne’s Corpuscles and Pacinian Corpuscles |
Pg. 118
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Which receptors are free sensory dendrites?
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Nociceptors
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Pg. 118
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What is the name of the particular membrane protein in the sensory dendrites that can produce sensations of pain due to hit temperatures?
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Capsaicin receptor
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Pg. 118
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True or False. The Capsaicin receptor is only just a receptor for the molecule capsaicin?
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False. Capsaicin receptors serve as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule capsaicin.
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Pg. 118
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What are the unified sensations from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors called?
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Somatesthetic senses
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Pg. 118
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What is pain referenced to a different body region or location called?
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Referred Pain
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Pg. 118
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What is the most famous example of referred pain called?
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Angina Pectoris
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Pg. 118
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Which type of receptors do taste and smell depend on?
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Chemoreceptors
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Pg. 118
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________________are chemical senses that respond to specific molecules in the external environment?
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Taste and Smell
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Pg. 118
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What are receptors for taste and smell also called?
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Externoreceptors
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Pg. 118
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What are receptors that produce reflex responses to blood carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen also called?
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Interoceptors
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Pg. 117 and 118
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What are the chemoreceptors that respond to molecules within the body called?
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Interoceptors
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Pg. 118
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How many modalities of taste are there?
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5
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Pg. 118
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What are taste cells?
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They are specialized epithelial cells with barrel-shaped taste buds.
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Pg. 118
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True or False. Taste cells are long neurons that respond to particular molecules by depolarizing, releasing chemical transmitters that stimulate other sensory neurons.
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False. Taste cells have long microvilli extending into the external environment, they are not neurons although they do respond to particular molecules by depolarizing and releasing chemical transmitters that stimulate associated sensory neurons.
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Pg. 118
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What are the 5 categories of taste?
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1. Salty
2. Sour 3. Sweet 4. Bitter 5. Umami |
Pg. 119
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What is the sensation of umami stimulated by?
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The amino acid Glutamate and the flavor enhancer Monosodium Glutamate.
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Pg. 119
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What is the salty taste of food due to?
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It is due to the presence of Sodium ions (Na+)
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Pg. 119
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What is the sour taste sensation due to?
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It is due to the presence of Hydrogen ions (H+)
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Pg. 119
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True or False. Not all acids taste sour.
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False. All acids taste sour.
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Pg. 119
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How are the taste sensations of Sweet, Bitter and Umami different from Salty and Sour tastes?
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They are produced by binding of molecules to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane of the sensitive taste cells and trigger second messengers.
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Pg. 119
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Which is the taste sensation most associated with toxic molecules?
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Bitter
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Pg. 119
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True or Flase. All toxins taste bitter.
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False. Not all toxins taste bitter.
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Pg. 119
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What is the sense of smell called?
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Olfaction
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Pg. 119
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What is the neuronal structural classification of the receptors for the sense of smell?
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They are bipolar neurons in the olfactory epithelium.
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Pg. 119
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Where are the sensory neurons for olfaction directed?
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They are directed to the medial temporal lobe and also the amygdale and hippocampus (limbic system)
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Pg. 119
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Why can odors evoke emotionally charge memories?
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Because they are directed to parts of the limbic system
Amygdala = Emotion and Hippocampus = Memory |
Pg. 119
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What does the inner ear consist of?
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The Cochlea
and The Vestibular Apparatus |
Pg. 120
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What function does the cochlea provide?
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It provides the sense of hearing
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Pg. 120
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What function does the vestibular apparatus provide?
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It provides the sense of equilibrium
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Pg. 120
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What does the vestibular apparatus include?
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It includes the 3 semicircular canals and the otolith organs.
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Pg. 120
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What are the otolith organs?
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They are the Utricle and Saccule
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Pg. 120
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What is the small complexly shaped bony structure of the inner ear called?
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The Bony Labyrinth
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Pg. 120
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What does the Bony Labyrinth of the inner ear consist of?
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The Cochlea
and The Vestibular Apparatus |
Pg. 120
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What is the layer called that lines the inner-ear bony labyrinth?
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The Membranous Labyrinth
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Pg. 120
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What is the bony labyrinth filled with and what is it called?
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It is filled with a fluid that protects the delicate membranous labyrinth
It is called Perilymph |
Pg. 120
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What is the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth called?
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It is called Endolymph
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Pg. 120
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What are the mechanoreceptors cells responsible for the sense of hearing and equilibrium called and where are they found?
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Hair cells
They are contained in the Membranous Labyrinth |
Pg. 120
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What is the name of the hair-like extensions of the hair cells?
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Stereocilia
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Pg. 120
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What is Kinocilium?
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It is the larger extension that has the structure of a true cilium.
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Pg. 120
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What happens when the stereocilia are bent in the direction of the kinocilium?
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The plasma membrane becomes depolarized
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Pg. 120
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What nerve does the action potentials created by the stereocilia bending in the direction of the kinocilium travel?
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Cranial Nerve VIII
or The Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
Pg. 120
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What happens when the stereocilia are bent in the away from the kinocilium?
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The sensory neuron is inhibited which produces a lower frequency of action potentials.
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Pg. 120
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What is the substance called that the stereocilia in the utricle and saccule stick into once they have projected up into the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth?
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The Otolithic Membrane
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Pg. 120
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What does the Otolithic Membrane contain?
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It contains crystals of Calcium Carbonate
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Pg. 120
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Which Otolithic Organ is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration?
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The Utricle
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Pg. 121
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Which Otolithic Organ is more sensitive to vertical acceleration?
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The Saccule
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Pg. 121
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The frequency of action potentials in the saccule is __________ when accelerating upward and ___________when accelerating downward.
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Decreased = accelerating upward
Increased = accelerating downward |
Pg. 121
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What does each semicircular canal contain?
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A Cupula
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Pg. 121
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What are the alignments of each semicircular canal?
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1. Anterior
2. Lateral 3. Posterior |
Pg. 121
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What is the strucuture called at the base of each semicircular canal where the hair cells are located?
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The Ampulla
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Pg. 121
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What is the gelatinous membrane where the stereocilia of the hair cells located originating from the ampulla embed themselves in?
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The Cupula
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Pg. 121
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What inner ear structure can cause vertigo?
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The Vestibular Apparatus
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Pg. 122
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Where do action potentials traveling on sensory axons from the vestibular apparatus go?
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They go to the Cerebellum
and The Medulla Oblongata |
Pg. 122
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Axons leaving what structure indirectly influence eye movements that allows for tracking of the visual field as the head moves?
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The Medulla Oblongata
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Pg. 122
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If someone is spun around in a circle then is stopped abruptly, their eyes will continue to drift in the direction of their former spin then will be jerked back rapidly to the midline position. What does this produce?
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Involuntary oscillations of the eyes called Vestibular Nystagmus
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Pg. 122
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What is the loss of equilibrium known as?
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Vertigo
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Pg. 122
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How can vertigo be caused?
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It can be caused by spinning, which is normal
or It can be caused by pathological (abnormal) reasons |
Pg. 122
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How does vertigo result?
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Vertigo results when the action potential frequency coming from one ear is different from the frequency coming from the other ear.
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Pg. 122
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How is pathological vertigo often caused?
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It is often caused by a viral infection
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Pg. 122
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What are symptoms of pathological vertigo?
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1. Dizziness
2. Pallor 3. Sweating 4. Nausea 5. Vomiting |
Pg. 122
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What characteristic of a sound wave determines the loudness?
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The Amplitude or (Size) of the sound wave
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Pg. 123
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How is loudness measured?
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In units known as Decibels (dB)
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Pg. 123
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What does the outer ear consist of?
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The Pinna
or The Auricle |
Pg. 123
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What does the pinna transmit sound waves into?
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It transmits sound waves into the External Auditory Meatus.
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Pg. 123
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What is middle ear?
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It is the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
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Pg. 123
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What are the names of the middle-ear ossicles?
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1. The Malleus (Hammer)
2. Incus (Anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) |
Pg. 123
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Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
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The Malleus
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Pg. 123
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Which auditory ossicle is attached to the cochlea?
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The Stapes
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Pg. 123
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What is the small membrane called in the cochlea that the stapes attaches to?
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The Oval Window
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Pg. 124
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What is inflammation of the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea called?
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Otitis Media
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Pg. 124
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How can disease causing microbes gain access to the middle ear and who does this occur particularly in?
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Disease causing microbes gain access to the middle ear via the Auditory Tube.
This occurs particularly in children who have short and relatively level auditory tubes. |
Pg. 124
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What structure contains hair cells that change sound into action potentials?
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The Cochlea
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Pg. 124
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How many turns does the inner ear structure responsible for hearing have and what are they called?
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3 turns
1. Apical (top) 2. Middle 3. Basal (Bottom) |
Pg. 124
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What is the shell of the Cochlea made of and what is it part of?
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It is made of bone
and It is part of the Bony Labyrinth |
Pg. 124
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What is the membranous labyrinth called in the inner-ear structure responsible for hearing?
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It is called the Cochlear Duct
or The Scala media |
Pg. 124
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What does the Cochlear Duct or (Scala Media) separate and what are these areas called?
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The Cochlear Duct or Scala Media is in the middle of the bony labyrinth and separates the perilymph-filled bony labyrinth into an upper compartment and lower compartment.
Upper Compartment = The Scala Vesibuli Lower Compartment = The Scala Tympani |
Pg. 124
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What kind of fluid does the Scala Media contain?
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Endolymph
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Pg. 168 text
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What kind of fluid does the Scala Vestibuli contain?
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Perilymph
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Pg. 168 text
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What kind of fluid does the Scala Tympani contain?
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Perilymph
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Pg. 168 text
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What is the bottom membrane called in scala media?
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Basilar Membrane
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Pg. 124
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What does the basilar membrane of the scala media contain?
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It contains hair cells on its surface.
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Pg. 124
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What is the gelatinous membrane called that the stereocilia of hair cells of the basilar membrane stick up into?
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The Tectorial Membrane
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Pg. 124
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What is the given name of all the structures that convert sound into action potentials?
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The Organ of Corti
or The spiral organ |
Pg. 125
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What structures form the Organ of Corti?
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1. Basilar membrane
2. Hair Cells 3. Sensory Neurons 4. Tectorial membrane |
Pg. 125
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Vibrations of what structure cause movements of the middle-ear ossicles?
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The Tympanic membrane
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Pg. 125
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What does the pitch of sound depend on?
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It depends on the location of the stimulated hair cells.
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Pg. 125
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Where is the round window located?
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It is located at the base of the cochlea in the lower scala tympani.
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Pg. 125
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What does the scala vestibuli and scala tympani form when they come together?
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The Apical turn
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Pg. 125
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What concept depends on the region of the basilar membrane that is most affected by a certain frequency of sound?
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Pitch Discrimination
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Pg. 125
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What specific location does low frequency sound cause the basilar membrane to vibrate the most?
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Near the apex of the cochlea
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Pg. 126
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What specific location does high frequency sound cause the basilar membrane to vibrate the most?
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Near the base of the cochlea
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Pg. 126
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Where is the auditory cortex located?
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In the temporal lobes of the Cerebrum
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Pg. 126
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