Biol 103 - Week 7

Front 1

What is an arbovirus? Example?

Back 1

Arthropod-borne virus. Zika.

Front 2

Are Asian and African Zika lineages similar or different?

Back 2

Different

Front 3

What was noticed of the Lahore & Leeds/Bradford populations?

What caused this?

What is this an example of?

Back 3

High rates of microencephaly.

Cousin-cousin marriages.

Inbreeding depression.

Front 4

What is antigenic drift?

Back 4

Mutations within the genes that code for antigens in viruses. Results in constantly-changing surface antigens.

Front 5

What is antigenic shift?

Back 5

Recombinations between different strains of virus. Results in much greater changes than antigenic drift.

Front 6

In H1N1, what do the H and N refer to?

Back 6

The Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase antigens that differ between strains.

Front 7

Why are Type B flus generally less mutable than Type A flus?

Back 7

Less likely to cross species.

Front 8

In phylogenetic graphs of the flu, what country/region forms the main trunk that carries the flu from year to year?

Back 8

Asia

Front 9

2 reasons that Asia is flu "hub"?

Back 9

1. Increased animal-human contact (agriculture)

2. High population density

Front 10

2 theories about how Spanish flu started?

Back 10

1. Military camps in close contact with agricultural settings (Kansas, Paris)

2. Originated in China. Chinese workers were being hired to dig trenches.

Front 11

What term/phenomenon describes why the mortality rate of the Spanish flu was so high in youth (x20 mortality rate)?

Back 11

Cytokine storm - immune system blows up

Front 12

What strain of flu was the Spanish flu?

Back 12

H1N1

Front 13

Can the bird flu be transmitted from human-to-human yet?

Back 13

No

Front 14

What strain of flu was the avian flu?

Back 14

H5N1

Front 15

In what season did H1N1 begin in 2009? Is this expected?

Back 15

It began in the Spring. This is expected of pandemic flus.

Front 16

What happened to the seasonal flu in 2009 following H1N1?

Back 16

It was virtually eliminated. Did people get the vaccine or start practicing better hygiene...?

Front 17

Do pandemic flus come in waves/pulses or are they steady?

Back 17

Pulses.

Front 18

Was Darwin the first to study evolution?

Back 18

No. His grandfather and Lamarck did too.

Front 19

What was Lamarck famous for proposing?

Back 19

Lamarck proposed that the physical attributes you acquired throughout your life could be passed onto your offspring. (He was "the one who got it wrong").

Front 20

Who initially proposed Uniformitarianism and who expanded upon it?

Back 20

Hutton proposed it.

Lyell expanded upon it.

Front 21

Explain the theory of Uniformitarianism.

Back 21

Changes in the Earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. This forces continue to shape the Earth today.

Front 22

What did Malthus notice?

Back 22

The tendency for populations to grow exponentially. But since resources do not grow exponentially as well, Malthus predicted catastrophe.

Front 23

What term best describes the following: the environment contains finite resources, limitingpopulation size and creating competition.

Back 23

The struggle for existence

Front 24

Many people associate Darwin with finches. But what animal was he most interested in?

Back 24

Mockingbirds

Front 25

What did the mockingbirds show Darwin?

Back 25

Mockingbirds were different island to island. Suggested to Darwin that each island population had been colonized by a small group from the mainland population and adapted to their environment. --> DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

Front 26

What are the three requirements of natural selection (Darwin's big idea)?

Back 26

1. Variation among individuals

2. Heritability

3. Differential survival and reproduction

Front 27

Who was writing about the same ideas of Darwin at the same time?

Back 27

Wallace

Front 28

What is the ancestor of cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, etc.

Back 28

Brassica oleracea

Front 29

Who studied Soapberry bugs?

Back 29

Scott Carroll

Front 30

What did Carroll's soapberry bug experiment ultimately prove?

Back 30

The beak length of soapberry bugs was not caused by phenotypic plasticity.

Front 31

What are guppy predators like on either side of the Trinidadian waterfalls?

Back 31

Above waterfall = predators that only prey on small guppies (low predation)

Below waterfall = fierce predators that prey on all guppies (high predation)

Front 32

What are male guppy characteristics above/below waterfalls?

Back 32

Above: Larger, colourful

Below: Smaller, duller

Front 33

Who conducted the guppy predation experiments?

Back 33

John Endler

Front 34

What did John Endler's experiments suggest?

Back 34

That characteristics of the guppies were not random - they had developed overtime due to predation regimes.

Front 35

Why is it believed that guppies are smaller and duller in high predation environments?

Back 35

Smaller = mature faster (can reproduce sooner since they don't know how long they will live)

Duller = less conspicuous to both predators and females (can sneak up on them and mate)

Front 36

What is a homologous structure? Give an example.

Back 36

A structure that appears in different animals indicating a common ancestor. Ex: Mammalian forelimb.

Front 37

What is an analogous structure? Give an example.

Back 37

A structure that has the same function, but does not suggest descent from a common ancestor. Ex: Wings of insects vs. birds

Front 38

What is convergence? Give an example.

Back 38

When natural selection causes two species to adapt similar structures. Ex: Whales and whale sharks.

Front 39

What is a vestigial structure? Give an example.

Back 39

A structure that no longer serves a purpose. Ex: Wings on a kiwi. Hind-limbs on whales and snakes.Goosebumps on humans.

Front 40

What are neutral loci and what do they indicate?

Back 40

Neutral loci do not have a strong functional basis. Similarities in neutral loci indicate descent from a common ancestor.

Front 41

What is a synapomorphy? Give an example.

Back 41

A characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its descendants and no other animals. Ex: Feathers present in all modern birds.

Front 42

What is phylogeny?

Back 42

The inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species.

Front 43

What are HOX genes?

Back 43

After the segments have formed, HOX genes determine the type of segment structures (i.e. legs, antennae, wings, etc.) that will grow from each segment. Thus, HOX proteins confer segmental identity but do not form the actual segments themselves.

Front 44

What is parallelism?

Back 44

When two species adapt in the same way in separate environments.

Front 45

What is a pseudogene?

Back 45

A section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy of a functional gene. Provides evidence of DNA sequence that used to be functional in ancestor.

Front 46

What are cladistic methods?

Back 46

Grouping organisms by shared characteristics (synapomorphies).

Front 47

What is a clade?

Back 47

A group consisting of all descendants of a common ancestor bearing a certain characteristic.

Front 48

What is genetic polymorphism?

Back 48

When more than one allele exists at a given locus

Front 49

If loci are governed by Mendelian rules, artificial selection will cause what kind of response?

Back 49

Rapid, but bounded.

Front 50

What is average heterozygosity?

Back 50

An estimation of the proportion of loci in the genome that have two different alleles

Front 51

Are mutations more likely to be hidden or unhidden from the forces of natural selection?

Back 51

Hidden

Front 52

What is the difference between how selection works in sexual vs. asexual populations?

Back 52

Sexual - selection acts on pre-existing genetic variation (since mutations take a long time to build up)

Asexual - selection acts on mutations (since there is a large number of organisms reproducing very rapidly)

Front 53

The ability of E. coli to metabolize citrate after a period of time in the lab is an example of what phenomenon?

Back 53

A "key innovation" - a trait allowing the colonization of a new resource or habitat (as a result of many mutations "potentiating" this ability over time).

Front 54

What is allelic richness?

Back 54

The average number of alleles per locus

Front 55

What is the "ultimate" source of variation?

Back 55

Mutation

Front 56

What is a "cline"?

Back 56

A series of connected populations showing a continuous gradient of traits and genetics.

Front 57

What are the consequences of an inversion?

Back 57

1. Cross-over between chromosomes at that locus no longer possible.

2. Creates new order of genes. If two genes placed next to each other work well together (in a way that cannot be explained by additive effects alone) - a "supergene" is created. This is common in Drosophilus.

Front 58

How is sex a double-edged sword?

Back 58

Good - if you hold a "bad hand" or the environment is unpredictable

Bad - if you hold a "good hand" and the environment is stable

Front 59

What two problems led to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Back 59

1. Blending (why didn't intermediate traits sweep the entire population)

2. Dominance (why didn't all alleles become dominant)

Front 60

What are the 5 required conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg principle to hold?

Back 60

1. Random mating

2. Large population

3. No migration

4. No mutations

5. No natural selection

(Often does not occur in real life)

Front 61

What are the two equations of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Back 61

p + q = 1 (Gene frequency)

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (Genotype frequency)