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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Echinoderma
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"spiny-skin"
synapomorphy: -pentaradial symmetry (5 fold) around central disk, oohed, juveniles have bilateral symmetry -calcarious endoskeleton for protection and support (covered by ossicles and pedicellariae) - water vascular system (for locomotion and feeding), madreporite (sieve for water input) |
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Asteroidea
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sea stars
"star-like" |
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Ophiuroidea
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brittle stars and basket stars
"snake-like" |
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Echinoidea
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sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins
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Holothuroidea
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sea cucumbers
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Crinoidea
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sea lilies and feather stars
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deuterostomes
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leads to vertebrates, radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, dorsal nerve cord
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protostome
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spiral cleavage, blastopore (first opening) becomes mouth, ventral nerve cord
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hemichordata
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"semi-corded"
deuterostome, bilateral animals, includes acorn worms and pterobranchs |
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Enteropnuesta
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acorn worms
free living, suspension feeders, proboscis, retractible collar |
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Pterobranchs
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small, colonial, live in collagen tubes, suspension feeders, shield-shaped proboscis
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chordata
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"corded" deuterostome bilateral animals-lancelets (cephalochordate) -tunicates (Urochordata) -vertebrates (animals with backbone) |
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Cephalochordate
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lancelets
"head chord" |
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urochordata
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tunicates
"sea squirts" "tail chord" |
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vertebrata
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animals with backbone
"vertebra bearing" |
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chordata
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marine, freshwater, terrestrial
DIVERSE synapomorphies: -notochord -dorsal hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal slits/pouches -endostyle or thyroid gland -muscular, post-anal tail |
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vertebra
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synapomorphy:
-vertebrae -bone and cartilage -myoglobin (protein) -pineal gland |
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Cyclostomata
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Jawless fish
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Myxini
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Hagfishes
(myxa=slime) |
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Petromyzontida
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Lampreys
(petros=stone, myzon=sucking) |
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Chondrihthyes
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Cartilaginous Fishes
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Elasmobranchii
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Sharks and Rays
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Holocephali
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Chimaeras
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Osteichthyes
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Bony Fishes and Tetrapods
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Actinopterygii
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Ray-Finned Fishes
synapomorphies: -operculum = protects gills -air sac = controls buoyancy diverse in size, scales |
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Teleosts
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Modern Bony Fishes
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Sarcopterygii
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Lobe-Finned Fishes/"Fleshy Fin"
synapomorphies: -operculum = protects lungs -air sac = control buoyancy -internal limb bones |
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Two clades of Sarcopterygii:
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-Actinistia (coelacanth)
-Choanata (lungfish and terrestrial vertebrates) |
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Actinistia
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"web of rays", coelacanths, thought to be extinct, three-lobed tail
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Choanata
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"internal nostril" in mouth
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Dipnoi
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"double breath", lungfish, have lungs and gills
estivation: reduced metabolism, allows dipnoi to survive harsh conditions |
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Tetrapoda
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"four feet" terrestrial vertebrates
Amphibia and Amniota (reptiles and mammals) Synapomorphies -fingers and toes (exaptation) -double blood circulation (3 chambered heart) |
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Challenges going from water to land:
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-respiration: gills > lungs, internal nostrils
-support and movement: stronger limbs -fluid density: must overcome drag/gravity -senses: origin of ear/hearing -water retention/ waste management -reproduction: internal/external fertilization |
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Amphibia
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"double life"
synapomorphies: -smooth skin with glands includes: -caecilians -salamanders -frogs and toads |
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Apoda
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"no feet"
Caecilians burrowers internal fertilization, viviparous |
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Urodela
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"conspicuous tail"
Salamanders internal fertilization |
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Anura
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"no tail"
Frogs and Toads most use external fertilization |
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exaptation
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a pre-existing feature that is co-opted for a new function
-fleshy fin originally an adaptation for swimming, later an exaptation for walking on land -swim bladder (air-filled cavity) later evolved into lungs for terrestrial breathing |
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oviparous
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egg laying
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viviparous
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live birth
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Amniota
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"amnion bearing"
distinguished based on temporal openings (windows on sides of skull) synapomorphies: -internal fertilization -kidneys and intestine modified for water retention -rid cage ventilation |
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anapsid skull
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no windows
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diapsid skull
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two windows
lizards, crocs, dinos |
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synapsid skull
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one window
mammals |
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amniotic egg
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major function is protection (from drying)
amnion: fluid filled sac that cushions the embryo allantois: a sac in which metabolic waste is stored chorion: gas exchange between air and embryo yolk sac: protection, allows some gas exchange |
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How does the circulation of blood differ between amniotes and amphibians?
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Amphibians and amniotes both have a double circulation of blood (one circuit to the longs and one to the rest of the body).
-amphibian hearts have three chambers -many amniote hearts have four chambers |
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regulator
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internal mechanisms control body temperature
(mammals, humans) |
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conformers
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conform to the temperature of their environment/external factors
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Reptilia
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paraphyletic group
synapomorphy -scales |
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Reptilia are
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-amniote: have an amnion during the embryonic stage
-tetrapod: four feetosteichthyan: bony fish -gnathostome: mouth with jaws -vertebrate: have backbone -chordate: have notochord gnathostome: jawed vertebrate - deuterostome: has a mouth that develops separately from the blastopore -bilaterian: having 2-sided symmetry |
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Testudines
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"shell"
turtles and tortoises oviparous characterized by carapace (dorsally fused vertebrate) and plastron (fused ribs) |
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temperature sex determinant
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low temp = male
high temp = female |
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Archosauria
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-crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators)
-aves (birds, ancestors of dinos) |
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Lepidosauria
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"scaly lizard" diapsids (two windows) -Sphenodon (tuatara) (wedge-tooth) synapomorphy: -kinetic (moveable skull) -cuadual anatomy (cut off tail) -karatinized scales |
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squamata
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"scaly"
lizards and snakes most diverse species of reptile |
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serpentes
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snakes
highly kinetic (movable) skulls eat large prey |
