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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One way to classify carbohydrates is by the number of its _____
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monomer units; carbohydrates can be classified by the number of its monomer units (sugar units)
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a monosaccaride has __ sugar units
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1; a monosaccharide has one monomer (sugar unit)
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a disaccharide has __ sugar units
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2; a disaccharide has 2 sugar units
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ogliosaccharides have ___ to ___ sugar units
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3-10; ogliosaccharides have 3-10 monomers
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polysaccharides have __ to ___ monomers
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10-10000; polysaccharides have 10-10k monomers
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__ and hexose are the most common sugars in our bodies
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pentose; pentose and hexose are the most common sugars in our body
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glucose is a __
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hexose; glucose is a hexose
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__ is a molecule with an aldehyde as the most oxidized functional group
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aldose; aldose is a molecule with an aldehyde as the most oxidized functional group
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a _ is a molecule with ketose as the most oxidized functional group
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ketose; ketose is a molecule with ketose as the most oxidized functional group
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aldose and ketose are types of __
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monosaccharides; aldose and ketose are types of monosaccharides
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The number o f__ atoms differ b/w carbohydrates
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carbon atoms; the number of carbon atoms differ b/w carbohydrates
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glucose has __ carbons
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6 carbons; glucose has 6 carbons and is a hexose sugar
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the two primary forms of monosaccharides are __ and ___
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aldose and ketose; the 2 primary forms of monosaccharides are aldose and ketose
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__ is the simplist aldose with 3 carbons (aldo+triose)
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glyceraldehyde; glyceraldehyde is the simplist sugar with only 3 carbons
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dihydroxyacetone is a ketose with __ carbon atoms
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3; dihydroxyacetone is a ketose with 3 carbon atoms
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aldo + triose=
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glyceraldehyde; aldo + triose =glyceraldehyde
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keto + triose=
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dihydroxyacetone; keto+tirose=dihydroxyacetone
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HC=O is a __ group
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aldehyde group; HC=O is an aldehyde group
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glyceraldehyde comes from __
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glycerol; glyceraldehyde comes from glycerol
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C=O is a __ group
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keto group; C=O is a keto group
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__ have the same chemical formulat but structure is different
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isomers; isomers have the same chemical formula but different structure
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__ are two different chemical compounds with the same molecular formula
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isomers
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glucose, fructose, mannose, and __ are all isomers of eachother
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galactose; glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose are all isomers of eachother.
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__ is a special type of isomer that differs in configuration aroundo ne specific carbon atom
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epimer; epimer is a special type of isomer that differs in configuration around one specific carbon atom
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__ and ___ are c4 epimers
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glucose and galactose; glucose and galactose are c4 epimers
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__ are mirror images
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enaniomers; enantiomers are mirror images
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if OH is on the right then __ configuration, which is found in natural sugars
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D configuration; if the alcohol (OH) is on the right, then it is in a D configuration, which can be found in natural sugars
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our enzymes are specific to __ sugars
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D sugars; are enzymes are specific to D sugars
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if OH Is on the left then sugar is in __ configuration
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L configuration; L configurations can be found in non caloric sweeteners
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the 2nd to last carbon always decides if D or L configuration
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TRUE
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if place hydroxyl group up, then ___
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beta; if hydroxyl group up, then beta
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if place hydroxyl group down, then
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alpha; if hydroxyl group down, then alpha
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the __ carbon is the carbon atom comprising the carbonyl group
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the anomeric carbon; the anomeric carbon is the carbon atom comprising the carbonyl group
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the #___ carbon in glucose is the anomeric carbon
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1; the #1 carbon in glucose is the anomeric carbon
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the #__ carbon in fructose is the anomeric carbon
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2; the #2 carbon in fructose is the anomeric carbon
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fructose is a __ sugar
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ketose; fructose is a ketose sugar
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glucose is a _ sugar
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aldose; glucose is a aldose sugar
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__ of many metabolic enzymes determine their function
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stereospecificity; the stereospecificity of many metabolic enzymes determine their function
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alpha amylase can digest alpha linkages of starch but not he beta linkages of __
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cellulose; alpha amylase can digest alpha linkages of starch but not the beta linkages of cellulose
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most sugars are in __ form
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cyclical form; most sugars are in cyclical form
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in solution, aldehyde or ketone group reacts with ___ group on same sugar toform hemiacetal or hemiketal ring
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OH; in solution, aldehyde or ketone group reacts with OH group on same sugar to form hemiacetal or hemiketal ring
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5 carbons and 1 oxygen forms a __ ring
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pyranose ring; 5 carbons and 1 oxygen forms a pyranose ring
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4 carbons and 1 oxygen forms a __ ring
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furanose ring; 4 carbons and 1 oxygen forms a furanose ring
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glucose is a…
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hexose; glucose is a hexose
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glucose and galactose are…epimers
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c4; glucose and galactose are c4 epimers
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if OH on right then … configuration (natural sugar)
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D configuration; if OH on the right then D configuration
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if OH on left then… configuration (non calorie sweetener)
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L configuration; if OH on the left, the L configuration
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our enzymes are specific to … configuration
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D; our enzymes are specific to D sugars
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mannose and glucose are … epimers
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C2; mannose and glucose are C2 epimers
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.. Carbon is the carbon comprising the carbonyl group
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anomeric carbon; the anomeric carbon is the carbon comprising the carbonyl group
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… sugars are synthesized from hexose and can make ribose
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pentose sugars; pentose sugars are synthesized from hexose and can make ribose
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when a hydroxyl group and anomeric carbon bond with another hydroxyl group, then you have a …
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glycosidic linkage/bond
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when forming a glycosidic bond, one … is lost
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water; when forming a glycosidic bond, one water molecule is loss and thus the formation of glycosidic linking is a condensation reaction
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a .. Linkage is one b/w a hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl group from another sugar
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O-linkage;
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sucrose is .. Linked
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o linked; sucrose is o linked
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glucose + fructose =….
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sucrose; glucose + fructose = sucrose
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sucrose has a ….. Glycosidic linkage
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alpha 1,2 glycosidic linkage; sucrose has an alpha 1,2 glycosidic linkage
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… is refined sugar/table sugar; gylcosidic bond involves anomeric OH of both residues; found in sugar cane, sugar beets, molasses, fruit, vegetables, and honey
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sucrose
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glucose and… can exist in 2 forms
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lactose; glucose and lactose can exist in 2 forms
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lactose has a …..glycosidic linkage
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beta 1,4; lactose has a beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage
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glucose + galactose =
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lactose; glucose + galactose = lactose
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… is the principle sugar found in milk, not found in plants, exclusively in mammary glands of lactating animals; can exist in alpha or beta form
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lactose
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maltose has a … glycosidic linkage
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alpha 1,4; maltose has a alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage
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glucose + glucose = …
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maltose; glucose+ glucose = maltose
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… is not ordinarily found in nature except in barley malt/beer; created by enzymatic breakdown of large starch molecules
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maltose
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anomeric carbon can be … to give a carboxyl group characteristics of acids
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oxidized; anomeric carbons can be oxidized to give a carboxyl group characteristics of acids
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glucose is a reducing sugar
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TRUE
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glucose can reduce … to ….
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cupric-->cuprous; glucose can reduce c++ to c+
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reducing sugars have a free… or ….
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C1 OR C2; reducing sugars have a free C1 or C2
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reducing sugars can undergo … and ….
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reduction and oxidation; reducing sugars can undergo reduction and oxidation
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… sugars have their C1/C2 anomeric carbons involved in a glycosidic bond
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non reducing; non reducing sugars have their C1 and C2 anomeric carbons involved in glycosidic bonding
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… is a reduced sugar where a hydrogen atom is substituted for one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar (DNA)
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deoxy sugar; reduced sugar where a hydrogen atom is substituted for one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar
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… are polyhydroxyl alcohol compounds that result when the carbonyl group of a sugar is reduced to a hydroxyl group
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alditol; polyhydroxy alcohol compound that results when the carbonyl group of a sugar is reduced to a hydroxyl group
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xylitol and sorbitol are…
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sugar alchols
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xyltol comes from…
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ribose
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sorbital comes from..
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.glucose
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substituting 3 OH with 3CL molecules will give you …
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sucralose
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starch and glycogen have… glycosidic linkeages
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alpha; starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic linkages
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cellulose and chitin have… glycosidic linkages
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beta; cellulose and chitin have beta glycosidic linkages
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cellulose is linear and has … linkage
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beta 1, 4; cellulose is linear and has beta 1,4 linkage
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major structural component of wood and plant fibers; linear homopolysaccharide of beta D-glucose; beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
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cellulose
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… are polymers of alpha d-glucose that occur in plant cells; contain alpha linkages; can be distinguised from one antoher by their degree of chain branching
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starches
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… and … are 2 types of starches
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amylose and amylopectin
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amylose has… linkages
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alpha 1,4 linkage; amylose has alpha 1,4 linkages
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amylopectin is branched at …. Linkages along the chain of alpha 1,4 linkages
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alpha 1, 6; amylopectin is branched at alpha 1,6 linkages along the chain of alpha 1,4 linkages
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amylopectin's 1,6 bond occurs every …. Glucose units
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25-30; amylopectin's 1,6 bond occurs every 25-30 glucose units
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glycogen also has the 1,4 and 1,6 linkages but branching occurs every… glucose units
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10-14; glycogen has the 1,4 and 1,6 linkages like starch but glycogen branches every 1-14 glucose units
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.. Has more branching than amylopectin, more soluble in cold water; higher enzyme accessibility; lower viscosity; easier trafficking to and from molecues; and results in a dense, easily accessible form of glucose
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glycogen; glycogen is more dense and more water soluble in cold water than starch
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common all through the animal kingdom; happens in the rough ER/golgi; monosaccharides are added to a growing polypeptide chain; either N or O linked
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glycosylation of proteins; glycosylation of proteins is common in animal kingdom, happpens in rough ER, monosaccharides are added to a growing polypeptide chain; and can either be N or O linkd
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proteins that contain carbohydrate resideues in addtion to the polypeptide chain; antibodies that bind to and immobilize antigens;
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glycoproteins; glycoproteins are responsible for blood grouping and recognizing antibodies
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most pathways can be classified as either ... or ....
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anabolic or catabolic; most pathways can be classified as anabolic or catabolic
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... pathways break down complex molecules to a few simple products
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catabolic; catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simple molecules
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... pathways build/synthesize simple molecules into complex molecules
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anabolic; anabolic pathways synthesize/build complex molecules from simple molecules
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... pathways capture chemical energy in the form of ATP from the breakdown of energy rich molecules
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catabolic; catabolic pathways capture energy in the form of ATP
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... pathways require energy
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anabolic; anabolic pathways require energy
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the rate of metabolic pathway can respond to regulatory signals such as ... activators or inhibitors
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allosteric; the rate of metabolic pathway can respond to regulatory signals such as allosteric activators or inhibitors which arise within the cell
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signaling b/w cells provides for the ... of metabolism
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integration; signaling b/w cells provides for the iintegration of metabolism
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aerobic glycolysis in which pyruvate is the end product, occurs in cells with ... and an adequate supply of oxygen
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mitochondria; aerobic glycolysis in which pyruvate is the end product, occurs in cells with mitochondria and oxygen
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...glycolysis , in which lactic acid is the end product, occurs in cells without mitochondria oxygen
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anaerobic glycolysis; aerobic glycolysis' end product is lactic acid and occurs in cells without mitochondria and oxygen
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...is transported across membranes by one of at least 14 glucose transporter isoforms (GLUTs)
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glucose; glucose is transported across membranes by one of atleast 14 GLUTs
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... is abundant in erythrocytes and found in the brain
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GLUT-1; GLUT-1 has lots of erythrocytes and is found in the brain
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... is insulin dependent and found in muscle and adipose tissue
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GLUT-4; GLUT-4 is insulin dependent and found in muscle and adipose tissue
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.. is found in the liver and the beta cells of the pancrease
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GLUT-2; GLUT-2 is found in the liver and beta cells of the pancreas
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the conversion of glucose to pyruvate acid is called...
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glycolysis; glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate acid
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glycolysis happends in 2 phases:...
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1. energy investment phase 2. energy generation phase; the 2 phases of glycolysis are the energy investment phase and the energy generation phase
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phosphorylated intermediates are synthesized at the expense of ATP in the...phase of glycolysis
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energy investment phase; phosphorylated intermediaries are synthesized at the expense of ATP during the energy investment phase of glycolysis.
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ATP is produced in the ...phase of glycolysis
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energy generation phase; ATP is produced in the energy generation phase of glycolysis
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in the energy investment phase, glucose is is phosphorylated by ... or glucokinase
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hexokinase; in the energy investment phase, glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase
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hexokinase is found in most...
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tissues; hexokinase is found in most tissues
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glucokinase is a hexokinase that is found in liver cells and the beta cells of the...
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pancrease; glucokinase is a hexokinase that is found in liver cells and beta cells of the pancrease
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hexokinase has a ...affinity (low km) and a small vmax for glucose, and is inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate.
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high affinity; hexokinase has a high affinity (low km) and a small vmax for glucose, and is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate.
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glucokinase has a ...km and a ....vmax for glucose
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high, high; glucokinase has a high km and a high vmax for glucose
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glucokinase is indirectly inhibited by ....and activated by glucose ,
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fructose 6-phosphate; glucokinase is indirectly inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate and activated by glucose.
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the transcription of the glucokinase gene is enhanced by...
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insulin; the transcription of the glucokinase gene is enhanced by insulin
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glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to ...
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Fructose 6-phosphate; glucose 6-phosephate is isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate
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Fructose 6-phosphate is phophorylized to fructose 1,6 biphosphate by ....
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phosphorfructokinase; fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylized to fructose 1,6 biphosphate by phosphofructokinase
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transfer of phosphoryl group from ATP to glucose is ...
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irreversible
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Frutctose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 biphosphate is....
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irreversible
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the transfer of a high energy phosphoryl group to ADP, yielding ATP is ...
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irreversible
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Comprises 10% of western diet; entry into cells is non insulin dependent; does not promote insulin secretion
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fructose
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Fructose is phosphorylated to fru 1p by hk or fk to fru...
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6,9; fructose is phosphorylated to frui 1p by hk or fru 6,9 by fk
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fk is a ...enzyme found in liver and kidney
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fk (fructokinase) is a phyosphorylation enzyme found in liver and kidneys
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galactose must be phosphorylated by ... to to gal 1p before being further metabolized
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galactokinase; galactose must be phosphorylated by galactokinase to gal 1p before being further metabolized
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after galactose is phosphorylated to gal 1p, then it must be converted to ... to enter glycolytic pathway
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UDP-Gal; after galactose is phosphorylated to gal 1p, then it must be converted to UDP-gal
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... is the deficiency of uridyltransferase; an autosomal recessive disorder that affects 1:23k births
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galactosemia; deficiency of uridyltransferase-it is an autosomal recessive disorder
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... branches off at GLU-6p and returns at Fru 6-P; generates NADPH; provides cells with ribose 5-phosphate
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pentose phosphate pathway; the pentose phosphate pathway branches at GLU 6-P and returns at FRU 6-P; generates NADPH; and provides cells with ribose 5 phosphate
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... is active in fat synthesis, drug metabolism, and irreversible oxidative reaction
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NADPH
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glu-6-P dehydrogenase is considered a ...enzyme
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lipogenic; GLU 6-P dehydrogenase is considered a lipogenic enzyme
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NADPH is regulated by substrate...
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NADP; NADPH is regulated by the substrate NADP
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... is used in synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids; and reversible nonoxidative reactions
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ribose 5-phosphate; ribose 5-phosphate is used in synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids and in reversible nonoxidative reactions
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ribose 5-phosphate and... are c3 epimers
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xylulose 5-phosphate; ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate are c3 epimers of eachother
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1,3 biphosphoglycerate, phosphocreatine, and phosphoenolpyruvate are all ...
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SHEP (super high energy phosphate bonds); 1,3 biphosphoglycerate, phosphocreatine, and phosphoenolpyruvate are all SHEP (super high energy phosphate bonds).
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... delta G is -11,800
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biphosphoglycerate; biphosphoglycerate has a delta g of -11,800
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...delta g is -10,300
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phosphocreatine; phosphocreatine has a delta g of -10,300
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... delta g is -14,800
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phosphoenolpyruvate; phosphoenolpyruvate has a delta g of -14,800
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ATP can be synthesized by transfer of phosphate from a ... to ...; forming ATP
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SHEP to ADP; ATP can be syntheiszed by transfer of phosphate from a SHEP to ADP, forming ATP.
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... are used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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SHEPs; SHEPs are used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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... phosphorylation is the primary process for ATP synthesis
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oxidative phosphorylation; oxidative phosphorylation is the primary process for ATP synthesis
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oxidative phosphorylation occurs via the ...
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electron transport chain; oxidative phosphorylation occurs via the electron transport chain
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formation of ATP happens via substrate level phosphorylation or...
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oxidative phosphorylation
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the primary function of TCA cycle is oxidation of .... to C02 and H2O
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acetyl COA; the primary function of TCA cycle is the oxidation of acetyl COA to CO2, and H2O
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oxidizes aceytl COA to CO2 and h2o; forms glucose from AA carbon skeletons; provides precursors for home synthesis
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TCA; the creb cycle oxidizes acetyl COA to CO2 and H2O; forms glucose from AA carbon skeletons; and provides precursors for heme synthesis (succinyl coa)
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... is the multienzyme complex that converts pyruvate to acetyl COA
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pyruvate dehydrogenase; pyruvate dehydrogenase is the multienzyme complex that converts pyruvate to acetyl coa
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thiamin pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, nad+, coa, and FAD are found in...
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pyruvate dehydrogenase; thiamin pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, NAD+, CoA, and FAD are the 5 coenzymes found in pyruvate dehydrogenase
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pyruvate dehydrogenase's converstion of pyruvate to acetyl coa is irreversible, not part of TCA cycle, but is a major source of ....
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acetyl COA; pyruvate dehydrogenase's converstion of pyruvate to aceytl coa is irreversible, is not part of TCA, but is a major source of acetyl coa
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synthesis of citrate from acetyl coa and oaa is done by .... and inhibited by ATP, NADH, succinyl coa, and citrate
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citrate synthase; synthesis of citrate from acetyl coa and oaa is done by citrate synthase and inhibited by ATP, NADH, succinyl coa, and citrate
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isomeration of citrate is done by ...
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aconitase; the isomeration of citrate is done by aconitase
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the oxidation of decaroxylation of isocitrate to aketoglutarate is done via ...
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isocitrate dehydrogenase; the oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate to aketoglutarate is done via isocitrate dehydrogenase
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