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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does blood volume change in the mother during pregnancy and why?
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Increase BV because it facilitates transfer of nutrients to fetus. Under weight mothers with low BV can under nourish fetus
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What 2 nutrients are transported across the fetus down gradient via facilitated tspt? Carriers?
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Glucose and Ketones
Glut 1 and Glut 3 |
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How do Amino Acids cross the placenta?
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Against concentration gradient with secondary active tspt
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How is insulin resistance in the mother induced?
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By the placenta. Acts like endocrine gland secreting TNFalpha, cortisol, GH, prolactin that act to enhanc insulin resistance in mother
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How does maternal insulin resistance help the fetus?
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causes hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia that creates a mother to fetus gradient
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What are the metabolic effect of IR on the mother?
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decreased maternal AA and glucose uptake, increased lipolysis and ketogenesis
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What is the primary source of fuel used by the mother during pregnancy?
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FA due to IR
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What is gestational diabetes? Risk to mother?
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In women with some degree of IR already the changes during pregnancy may result in gest. diabetes. Women at higher risk of Type 2 diabetes post partum
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How many extra calories a day do women consume during pregnancy?
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100 kcal\dy
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how much weight should be gained during pregnancy?
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20% of ideal body weight
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What are the risks to the fetus and the mother of high maternal BMI?
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Fetus: Preclampsia, infant hypoglycemia(due to maternal hyperinsulinemia), neonatal seizures, NTD's
Mother: HTN, Cesearean birth, macrosomia |
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Why is being born LBW put children at risk for obesity? HBW?
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LBW increases obesity risk possibly due to more thrifty gene set. Can be bad in american environment
High Maternal BMI also leads to obesity risk |
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How does birth weight correlate to CVD risk?
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LBW=higher risk of CVD
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How does birth weight correlate to hypertension risk? When is critical trimester?
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LBW= 30% less cell in kidney so higher chance of stressing kidneys causing hypertension. Third trimester is determinant of this
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When is sufficient folate intake most critical during pregnancy? Effect?
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1st month. Increased risk of NTD. Increased homocystine(oxidative stress) and decreased nucleotides
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How is iorn uptake by the fetus accomplished?
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Tranferrin is internalized by the placenta
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Is placental iron uptake dependent on the iron status of the mother?
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No it is independent
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How much does the iron absorbtion increase during pregnancy? RDA?
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10% in first trimester to 50% in third. RDA doubles and supplementation decreases LBW in low SES
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HOw long does it take women to replenish iron lost during pregnangcy?
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2 years
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Is iron higher in the mother or fetus?
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fetus
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What are the long chain omega 3 fatty acids important for neurological development in the fetus?
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DHA and EPA, DHA is most abundant phospholipid in grey matter
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Is fetal omega 3 FA level dependent on mother? How is fetus affect by high levels/ low levels?
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Yes it is, mothers fat stores are childs source. High omega 3 leads to LBW, preterm, preclampsia
Low O-3 lead to lower IQ |
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What is important to avoid when mothers seek dietary source of O-3 FA's?
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Possibly mercury containing fish but it is more important to have adequate O-3 than to worry about mercury
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Does Calcium RDA increase during pregnancy? why supplement?
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No, but most women don't ingest enough and Calcium supplementation is correlated with lower HTN in fetus and preclampsia in mother
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Why and how much is zinc RDA increased?
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Zinc used as a cofactor of DNA polymerase. 35% increase
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What are the risks associated with Vitamin A?
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To much vitamin A is teratogenic. Can cause spontaneous abortion, mental retardation and structural problems
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What is the upper limit for vitamin A? In pregnangcy?
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10000 IU, 2565 in pregnancy
Women on accutane(retinoid) must take birth control |
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How is vitamin E and C needs affected by pregnancy?
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Vitamin C increases by 85 mg no increase for vitamin E.
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What problems are associated with too much of too little vitamin C?
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No problems with too much but too little is correlated to premature membrane rupture
Smokers need more |
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How does smoking affect pregnangcy?
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Decreases nutrition to fetus via vasoconstriction, in does dependent manner. LBW at risk for obesity
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How much alcohol increases risk of Fetal alcohol syndrome?
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>2 drinks per day
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What are the symptoms of Fetal alcohol syndrome?
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characteristic facial features
CNS problems Heart problems Skeletal problems |
