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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy conversion
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energy can channge forms
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potential energy
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capacity to do work
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion, actively performing work
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first law of thermodynamics
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the total amount of energy(+ matter) in a closed system remains constant. aka - energy can't be created nor destroyed.
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the universe is what type of a system?
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closed
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living things are what type of a system?
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open
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second law of thermodynamics
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in every energy conversion, some energy is converted to heat energy that is lost to the surroundings, and thus cannot be used for work - aka, "you can't break even"
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every energy conversion does what?
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increases the entropy of the universe
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no energy conversion is. . .?
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100% efficient
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anabolic reactions
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process that build complex molecules from simpler ones
ex. condensation |
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catabolic reactions
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processes the break down complex complex molecules into simpler ones
ex. hydrolysis |
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free energy
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energy available to do work in a chemical reaction
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free energy depends on?
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bond energies and concentrations of reactants and products
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bond energy
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energy required to break a bond; value depends on the bond
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left undisturbed, reactions will reach?
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dynamic equilibrium - when the relative concentrations of reactants and products is correct
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cells manipulate relative concentrations in many ways, so that. . .
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equilibrium is rare for key reacitons
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exergonic reactions
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the products have less free energy than reactants
the difference in energy relesed and is available to do work |
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exerginic reactions are favored by?
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thermodynamically favored = they are spontaneous
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catabolic reactions are usually?
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exergonic
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endergonic reactions
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the products have more free energy than the reactants
the difference in free energy must be supplied |
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endergonic reactions are not favored by?
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not thermodynamically favored, thus, not spontaneous
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endergonic is coupled w/ exergonic, together they have. . ?
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a net exergonic nature
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coupling of exergonic and endergonic requires that the rxns share?
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a common intermediate(s)
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anabolic reactions are usually
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endergonic
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ATP
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the main energy currency in cells
is a nucleotide w/adenine base, ribose sugar, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups |
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the maount of energy released depends on?
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cocentrations of reactants and products - generally 30 kj/mol
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phosphorylated compounds
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the inorganic phosphate removed from ATP transferred onto another compound rather than being immediately released
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the energy tranfers in cellular rxns is often accomplish through
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transfer of a phosphate group from ATP
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making ATP involves
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an endergonic condensation reaction
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ATP is typically created in
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catabolic reactions (exothermic)
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ATP is typically used in?
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anabolic reactions
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cells maintain high levels of?
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ATP relative to ADP
ratio - 10 ATP: 1 ADP |
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the of use and production of ATP is?
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10 million molecules per second
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redox reactions are used to?
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harvest energy from some chemicals. also used for energy transfer.
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electrons can be used for?
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energy transfer
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