Bio Lab Ex 3 & 4

Front 1

Atom

Back 1

basic unit of matter

Front 2

Organic molecules of cells

Back 2

Protein, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) and lipids

Front 3

Monomers of proteins

Back 3

amino acids joined by peptide bond

Front 4

monomers of polysaccharide starch

Back 4

Glucose

Front 5

Control

Back 5

goes through all the steps of the test but lacks the factor being tested

Front 6

Enzymes

Back 6

protein that speed up chemical reactions. Amylase in saliva

Front 7

How many common amino acids are found in cells?

Back 7

20

Front 8

R group

Back 8

(Remainder group) amino differ by R group. Vary in size shape and chemical activity.

Front 9

Chain of 2 or more amino acids

Back 9

peptide

Front 10

Bond between amino acids

Back 10

peptide bond

Front 11

polypeptide

Back 11

very long chain of amino acids

Front 12

Biuret reagent

Back 12

-blue color
-contains strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide and a small amount of dilute copper sulfate
-peptide or peptide bond chemically combine with copper ions to result in a color change
- pinkish-purple if proteins present

Front 13

Carbohydrates

Back 13

sugars and chain of sugars

Front 14

glucose

Back 14

one unit of sugar
-monosaccharide

Front 15

maltose

Back 15

2 units of sugar
-disaccharide

Front 16

glycogen, starch and cellulose

Back 16

polysaccharides mad up of chain units of glucose

Front 17

Glucose as an energy source

Back 17

energy is released when glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water

Front 18

Iodine solution

Back 18

(yellowish-brown)
-test for starch
-reacts chemically to turn blue-black color

Front 19

Benedict's reagent

Back 19

(Blue color)
-monosaccharides and some disaccharides react
-after heated to a boil
-copper ion reacts with part of the sugar molecule that is reduced
-results in color change from green to red
- blue = no change

Front 20

lipids

Back 20

insoluble in water and soluble in solvents, such as alcohol and ether.

Front 21

Test for fats

Back 21

fats do not evaporate from brown paper; instead, they leave an oily spot

Front 22

polar

Back 22

charged groups or atoms

Front 23

water is not a good solvent for ____

Back 23

non polar molecules, such as fats

Front 24

emulsifier and how it works?

Back 24

can cause a fat to disperse in water
- contains molecules with both polar and non polar ends. when the non polar end interacts with the fat and the polar end interacts with the water molecule , the fat disperses in water and an emulsion results.

Front 25

Bile salts

Back 25

emulsifiers found in bile produced by the liver
- used in digestion

Front 26

commercially produced emulsifiers

Back 26

detergents and tween

Front 27

Cell theory

Back 27

states that all living things are composed of cells and that cells are the come only from other cells

Front 28

epithelial cell

Back 28

cell that lines cavities and structures of the body

Front 29

cytoplasm

Back 29

content of a cell

Front 30

plasma membrane

Back 30

regulates the movement of molecule into and out of the cytoplasm

Front 31

Prokaryotic (literal meaning)

Back 31

pro means "before"; karyote means "nucleus"
-does not contain a nucleus

Front 32

Eukaryotic

Back 32

eu means "true"; karyote means "nucleus"

Front 33

Organelles

Back 33

small membranous bodies, each with a specific structure and function

Front 34

t/f prokaryotes do have cytoplasm the material bounded by the plasma membrane and cell wall

Back 34

t

Front 35

prokaryotic cytoplasm contains_____ and also contain ______.

Back 35

ribosomes
-small granules that coordinate the synthesis of proteins
Nucleoid a region in the bacteria cell interior in which the DNA is physically organized but not enclosed by a membrane

Front 36

Ribosome

Back 36

Prokaryotic-protein synthesis

Front 37

inclusion body

Back 37

Prokaryotic- stored nutrients for later use

Front 38

mesosome

Back 38

Prokaryotic- plasma membrane that folds into cytoplasm and increases surface area

Front 39

fimbriae

Back 39

Prokaryotic- hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surfaces

Front 40

conjuction pilus

Back 40

Prokaryotic- elongated hollow appendage used for DNA transfer to other bacterial cells

Front 41

nucleoid

Back 41

Prokaryotic- location of bacteria chromosomes

Front 42

plasma membrane

Back 42

Prokaryotic-sheath around the cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules

Front 43

cell wall

Back 43

Prokaryotic-covering that supports shapes and protects cell

Front 44

glycocalyx

Back 44

Prokaryotic- gel like coating outside cell wall; if compact called a capsule if diffuse called a slime layer

Front 45

flagellum

Back 45

rotating filament present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward

Front 46

nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is bounded by ____ and contains ___.

Back 46

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm

Front 47

Eukaryotic- cell wall

Back 47

-contains cellulose fibrils
-provide all support and protection

Front 48

Eukaryotic- plasma membrane

Back 48

-phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
-outer cell surface tat regulates entrance and exit of molecules

Front 49

Eukaryotic- nucleus

Back 49

-enclosed by nuclear envelope; contains chromatin (threads of DNA and protein
-storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNA

Front 50

Eukaryotic- nucleolus

Back 50

-contains are of chromatin
-produces subunits of ribosomes

Front 51

Eukaryotic- ribosomes

Back 51

-protein and RNA in two subunits
-carries out protein synthesis

Front 52

Eukaryotic- endoplasmic riticulum

Back 52

-membranous, flattened channels and tubular canals; rough ER and smooth ER
-synthesis and/or modification of proteins and other substances; transport by vesicle formation

Front 53

Eukaryotic- rough ER

Back 53

-studded with ribosomes
-protein synthesis

Front 54

Eukaryotic- smooth ER

Back 54

-lacks ribosomes
-synthesis of of lipid molecules

Front 55

Eukaryotic- golgi apparatus

Back 55

-stack of membranous saccules
-processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids

Front 56

Eukaryotic- vesicle

Back 56

-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances

Front 57

Eukaryotic- lysosome

Back 57

-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts

Front 58

Eukaryotic- vesicle

Back 58

-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances

Front 59

Eukaryotic- lysosome

Back 59

-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts

Front 60

Eukaryotic- peroxisome

Back 60

-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions

Front 61

Eukaryotic- vesicle

Back 61

-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances

Front 62

Eukaryotic- mitochondrion

Back 62

-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

Front 63

Eukaryotic- peroxisome

Back 63

-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions

Front 64

Eukaryotic- lysosome

Back 64

-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts

Front 65

Eukaryotic- chloroplast

Back 65

-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars

Front 66

Eukaryotic- mitochondrion

Back 66

-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

Front 67

Eukaryotic- peroxisome

Back 67

-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions

Front 68

Eukaryotic- mitochondrion

Back 68

-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

Front 69

Eukaryotic- chloroplast

Back 69

-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars

Front 70

Eukaryotic- chloroplast

Back 70

-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars

Front 71

Eukaryotic- vesicle

Back 71

-membrane-bound sac
-stores and transports substances

Front 72

Eukaryotic- lysosome

Back 72

-vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
-digest macromolecules and cell parts

Front 73

Eukaryotic- peroxisome

Back 73

-vesicles containing specific enzyme
-breaks down fatty acids and converts resulting hydrogen peroxide to water; various other functions

Front 74

Eukaryotic- mitochondrion

Back 74

-membraneous cristae bounded by double membrane
-carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

Front 75

Eukaryotic- chloroplast

Back 75

-membranous thylakoids bounded by double membrane
-carries out photosynthesis, produces sugars

Front 76

Eukaryotic- cytoskeleton

Back 76

-microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
-maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts

Front 77

Eukaryotic- cila and flagella

Back 77

-9+2 pattern of microtubules
-movement of cell

Front 78

Eukaryotic- centrioles

Back 78

-9+0 pattern of microtubules
-unknown function

Front 79

Diffusion

Back 79

movement of molecules from higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the and the molecules are distributed equally.

Front 80

Osmosis

Back 80

diffusion of water across the plasma membrane of a cell. From area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration.

Front 81

Tonicity

Back 81

is the relative concentration of solutes (particles), and therefore also of solvent (water), outside the cell compared with inside the cell.

Front 82

Isotonic solution

Back 82

has the same concentration of salute (and therefore of water) as the cell
-when cells are placed in a isotonic solution, no net movement of water

Front 83

Hypertonic solution

Back 83

has higher solute (therefore, lower water) concentration that the cell
-when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water move out of cell

Front 84

Hypotonic solution

Back 84

has a lower solute (therfore higher water) concentration tahn the cell.
-when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves from the solution into the cell

Front 85

Plasmolysis

Back 85

when plant cells are in hypertonic solution, the central vacuole losses water, and the cytoplasm, including the chloroplast, pulls away from the cell wall.

Front 86

Tugor pressure

Back 86

when a plant cells are in a hypotonic solution, the large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure